2009年8月5日 星期三

從心理學觀點看證人的證詞真偽~以孫○均命案為例

從心理學觀點看證人的證詞真偽~以孫○均命案為例
余秋忠、范兆興
目擊證人的證詞在訴訟中有著極其重要的作用, 但目擊證人的證詞容易受到各種變項的影響, 是一種很特殊的證據類型。隨著心理學對目擊證人的證詞研究的不斷深入,與司法實踐結合得越來越密切,目擊證人的證詞的研究在心理學領域日益受到關注。
98年2月10日23時許,位在高雄市小港區中安路上一家汽車旅館剛辦理完一對年輕情侶退房手續,兩名女清潔工進入打掃時發現房內有一股臭味從床下飄出,當兩人合力移開木製床板後發現一具屍體仰躺在內,嚇得立即衝出房間並向警方報案。案發後,高雄市政府警察局小港分局立即組成專案小組並通報刑事鑑識中心支援勘察採證,除調閱住房登記資料、監視影像外,另調閱高雄縣、市女性失縱人口清冊,以利交叉比對分析。
經勘察採證結果,現場一樓為停車場,二樓為套房,死者陳屍於二樓床舖底下,死者為年約20歲女性,直髮及肩,全身赤裸,房內無死者衣物、鞋子及證件等,死者也未配戴手錶或任何飾品配件,下半身遭兩只大型黑色垃圾袋由下往上套至大腿處,上半身則被另一只同型黑色垃圾袋從頭套至胸部,袋口將雙手綑綁交握於胸前,身上無明顯外傷。
由於死者已死亡約三、四日,在此期間已有十餘部車輛入住該房,這些車輛之車主及使用人自然成為專案小組首要調查對象,當專案小組逐一詢問這些對象時,一位楊姓受詢問人於11日7時許經專案小組人員詢問後,於12日0時許由友人陪同向刑事警察局南部打擊犯罪中心投案,案情得以進一步明朗。然而,隨著死者身份鑑定、死亡原因確認、現場跡證鑑定及調查等工作陸續完成,楊嫌最初避重就輕的說法一一遭到否定,如楊嫌指稱其包裝屍體時未戴手套,然而現場勘察人員在包裝屍體的黑色塑膠袋上採集到的盡是“菱形”手套痕跡(如照片二),且該痕跡大多呈長約3~5cm、寬約2cm棒狀,與手指相似,楊嫌最後承認,其戴手套包裝屍體,該手套為其母親所購買。
嫌犯為了受較輕刑罰,說謊已成了必要手段,就算證據已明確,嫌犯仍企圖解釋,況且當證據未明時,嫌犯大多隱藏於警方待查的證人或清查對象中。本案除了嫌犯可能說謊外,受詢問的對象也非常有可能說謊,當警方詢問受訪者該時段有無投宿客○頌汽車旅館?和誰一起前往?這是個令人打從心裡就非常抗拒的問題,證人(受訪者)可能為了種種不願他人知悉的原因而說謊,這與證人常發生的記憶錯誤有所不同,偵查人員除了了解犯罪心理學外,亦應注意證人心理學,以應用在刑事案件偵查上。
證人的證詞在訴訟中有著舉足輕重的地位, 對案件偵查與事實的認定都扮演著重要的作用。在司法實踐中,目擊證人的證詞是最為普遍的證據之一。目擊證人的證詞是指證人就其五觀所感的案件情況向司法單位所作的陳述,證人是證人證詞的主體,證人容易受到認知、情緒、動機、環境、社會反應傾向等多種變項的影響,所以,證人的證詞與其他證據相比,屬於證明力較低的證據。1950年開始對目擊證人的證詞進行實證研究,許多心理學家研究發現,目擊證人的證詞會受到案發環境變項(現場照明是否明亮)、證人自身生理變項(眼睛疾病)、警察詢問方式(誘導)的影響;然這些研究結果遲至1990年代才逐漸對司法實踐產生影響。如發生於美國1996 年和1998年,以當時最新DNA 檢驗之前被判有罪系爭(疑義)案件,發現40件系爭案件應該獲判無罪;這40件無罪案件中高達36件(90%)係屬目擊證人的錯誤證詞造成的錯誤判決。隨著心理學對目擊證人的證詞研究的不斷深入,與司法實踐結合得越來越密切,目擊證人的證詞的研究在心理學領域和訴訟法學以及證據法學領域日益受到關注。
1970年美國認知心理學和社會心理學的蓬勃發展,促使目擊證人的證詞之相關研究更具有深厚學術理論基礎。Loftus(1979)研究發現影響目擊證人的證詞可靠性之變項主要有兩類:第一類是個人變項,如證人的年齡、性別、情緒、記憶、自信心等;第二類是情境(環境)變項,如光線、距離、警方詢問方式、指認的環境、媒體報導資訊等。
在本案共有17名受詢問者中,5位受詢問者(含楊嫌)呈現說謊情形,究其原因有三:
一、本案在媒體大肆報導下,受詢問者不願家人及朋友知悉其曾單獨或跟他人共同前往“汽車旅館”或可能曾躺在屍體上休息,因此對於警方的詢問避重就輕。
二、警方詢問類型與方式讓受詢問者認為其說謊也不會受到任何處罰。
三、受詢問者害怕與刑案有所關連,因此在恐懼情緒的影響下選擇說謊。在刑事訴訟法第176-1條:「除法律另有規定者外,不問何人,於他人之案件,有為證人之義務。」;刑事訴訟法第43-1條:「第四十一條、第四十二條之規定,於檢察事務官、司法警察官、司法警察行詢問、搜索、扣押時,準用之。」;刑法第214條:「明知為不實之事項,而使公務員登載於職務上所掌之公文書,足以生損害。於公眾或他人者,處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或五百元以下罰金。」,以上可作為警方詢問證人時,告知其權利義務。而證人詢問類型初步分為開放式和封閉式問題,開放式問題,係指讓證人自由回憶,無壓力自由且詳細地敘述案發當時情境、過程;封閉式問題,係指證人的回答方式受到限制,回答往往只有“是”或者“不是”兩種選擇的問題。經由證人詢問筆錄的設計,影響證人證詞之變項得以減輕,提高證人證之可信度。
心理學對於證人證詞之研究可拓展刑事司法偵查與審判的視野。心理學實證研究指出即使是誠實的證人,其證言亦不能完全相信,因此,偵查犯罪不要盲目輕信證人的證詞,亦不要盲目排斥證人的證詞,除了以制度設計提高證人證詞可信度外,亦可從犯罪現場種種證據來檢驗證人證詞之可信度。

擄人勒贖犯罪手法、犯罪模式之研究

擄人勒贖犯罪手法、犯罪模式之研究
A Study on the Modus Operandi and Crime Patrrern
Concerning Kidnapping for Ransom

施宇峰[1](Yu-Feng, Shih)、蔡俊章[2](Chun-Chang, Tsai)、范兆興[3](Chao-Hsing, Fan)

目次
壹、研究背景、目的
貳、重大擄人勒贖案例分析
一、邱○順擄人勒贖犯罪集團
二、陳○興擄人勒贖犯罪集團
三、張○銘擄人勒贖犯罪集團
参、擄人勒贖犯罪之相關理論
肆、研究方法~質化取向
一、信度考驗
二、效度考驗
三、研究對象
伍、研究發現
一、擄人勒贖犯罪手法與犯罪模式
二、犯罪學相關理論之印證
三、擄人勒贖犯罪者心理及行為歷程
四、擄人勒贖犯罪者暴力成因
陸、結論與建議
一、結論
二、建議

關鍵字:擄人勒贖(Kidnapping for Ransom)、犯罪手法(Modus Operandi)、犯罪模式(Crime Pattern)








【摘要】

近年來,暴力與狡詐結合型態案件遽增,不僅消耗龐大的社會成本,許多駭人聽聞的案件更加深了民眾的被害恐懼感,其中尤以擄人勒贖案件最為嚴重。例如2006年○○礦泉水董事長陳○○遭綁架案,與張○○、林○○犯罪集團所犯下之擄人勒贖案,均造成國內治安的危機。
經本文訪談犯罪者發現,受訪之擄人勒贖犯罪者個人犯罪成因,除了可以印證文獻探討之各種犯罪學理論外,現今國內發生之擄人勒贖案件具有下列幾點特性:(一)犯罪集團職業化;(二)勒索金額極大化;(三)犯罪原因多樣化;(四)犯罪分工組織化;(五)犯罪區域跨境化;(六)犯罪工具科技化;(七)擄人對象廣泛化;(八)犯罪過程隱匿化;(九)使用手段暴力化;與(十)接收贖金狡詐化。

Abstract

In recent years, the violent crimes combine with guilty of fraud had increase sharply, it not only expended enormous social cost, but also intensified fear feelings among the general public. Of all criminal types, kidnapping/abduction is the most acute problem. For examples, the Chen case, the chairman of a mineral water company was kidnapped in 2006, and other cases that conducted by the criminal group of Chang & Lin. All of them have threatened public safety and endangered domestic security.
Discovered after this article interview criminal that, is visited it to kidnap and hold somebody for ransom the criminal individual crime origin, besides may verify the literature discussion each criminology theory, nowadays domestic has it to kidnap and hold somebody for ransom the case to have the following several characteristics: (1) crime group professionalism; (2) extorts the amount maximization; (3) crime reason diversification; (4) crime division of labor organization; (5) crime region interstate; (6) crime tool science and technology; (7) seizes the human object widely; (8) crime process concealment; (9) use method violence; With (10) receive ransom money deceitful.




壹、 研究背景、目的
一、研究背景
邇來暴力犯罪態案件遽增,其中尤以擄人勒贖案件猖獗,危害社會治安最鉅。 每一件擄人勒贖案件都是社會矚目案件,影響社會大眾的生活安全感,若不能有效立即偵破,極易導致人民誤認治安惡化,衍生一連串不良之連鎖反應。
我國治安史上涉案歹徒人數最多、持有火力最強大的擄人勒贖集團-張○○犯罪集團,早於民國84年就與詹○○犯罪集團,共同犯下綁架南投知名旅遊業董事長陳○○勒贖二億元案、93年間綁架南投知名電臺主持人洪○○勒贖一億元案、綁架臺南市當舖老闆鄭○○勒贖一千五百萬元案、綁架臺南縣運輸業少東楊○○勒贖三千六百萬元案、綁架臺中電玩大亨于○○勒贖40億元案等多起重大擄人勒贖案件。
由於媒體持續擴大報導,張○○集團能否查緝到案,頓時成為當時社會治安良窳之指標,司法及治安機關遂投入大量人力物力積極偵辦。然因張○○集團之許多犯罪手法,往往超脫傳統擄人勒贖之既定模式,更由於該集團之細膩分工與幕後黑手之適時資助,檢警追查其犯案與逃亡過程中,確實遇到嚴重之瓶頸,屢屢失敗。
因此,擄人勒贖案件雖然發生數量不多,但是每一案件均有可能造成政府形象的嚴重損害,當統計數據顯示此類案件未受到壓制時,我們必須對這類案件做一透徹研究,研擬有效防治對策。


二、研究目的
處理犯罪是一種專業,警察人員是處理綁架案件的專業人員。家屬擔心被綁家屬的安危是人之常情,而警察人員在處理綁架案時,必須確認人質安全之後,才能採取攻堅行動。本研究就發生擄人勒贖案件中,針對被害人身分特殊、被勒贖金額高或被害人遭殺害撕票等案情,蒐集國內曾經發生且受國人矚目之重大擄人勒贖案件,分別為民國76年發生之邱○○擄人勒贖犯罪集團(陸○案)、民國86年發生之陳○○擄人勒贖犯罪集團(白○○案)及民國92年發生之張○○擄人勒贖犯罪集團(綁架洪○○案、綁架鄭○○案、綁架王姓商人案、綁架楊○○案、綁架于○○案)。以其犯罪手法中之取款方式分析,這三大案之演變,取款地點從直接在台灣交付贖款到利用地下匯兌方式,至境外取款之跨境犯罪模式,呈現其複雜性及隱匿性;而勒贖金額從台幣幾百萬元到幾十億,呈現極大化之趨勢,且這三大社會矚目之擄人勒贖案件,橫跨了三個年代,均為該年代重大治安發生之代表案件,對台灣治安有很深遠之影響。
本文認為深入探索擄人勒贖犯罪因子,瞭解其犯罪手法及犯罪模式,揭開擄人勒贖犯罪集團犯罪決意與犯罪歷程,並瞭解犯案工具來源,剖析其犯罪內幕,供警察機關偵查此類案件參酌,以利研擬預防與偵查策略。

三、名詞定義
(一)犯罪模式(Crime Pattern)
所謂犯罪模式,係指不特定犯罪集團或一群犯罪人,有相類似犯罪手段、方法、過程或途徑,所彙整出一套具有概括性與共通性的犯罪手法集合。它是一些具共通特徵(如犯罪類型、被害標的、犯罪工具、作案手段、嫌疑人描述等),以及相近犯罪手法的合成。
(二)犯罪手法(Modus Operandi,MO)
犯罪手法的原文為Modus Operandi(MO),它是拉丁詞語,意思為「操作的方法」。犯罪心理學與犯罪偵查學的研究認為,犯罪者通常會有固定的犯罪手法,並且經常會重複同一犯罪手段與模式。因此司法單位如果能夠精確掌握犯罪者的犯罪手法,於犯罪偵查之際,根據這些犯罪的習性和痕跡,將能更有效地追緝罪犯。犯罪偵查的專家因而建議司法單位建立犯罪者的手法檔案,以便在發生犯罪案件時作為比對、縮小偵辦範圍之用。
有關犯罪模式與犯罪手法,在犯罪偵查上是兩種不同的概念,為了更清楚瞭解其間之差異(林燦璋,2000),茲將其分析如下表(如表1):
表1 犯罪模式與犯罪手法比較分析表
類別
區分
犯罪模式(Crime Pattern)
犯罪手法(Modus Operandi)
意義
指不特定一群犯罪人或犯罪集團,有相類似犯罪過程、途徑、手段或方法,所彙整出一套具共通性與概括性的犯罪手法集合。
指犯罪人為了成功完成犯案的行為,探究犯罪人如何犯案,其所選擇之特定犯罪方法即稱為犯罪手法。
特性
1.犯罪模式是犯罪手法的合成。
2.其討論對象在於針對同類型犯罪中二個以上的犯罪個體。
3.其範圍較犯罪手法大,但亦具有大小不一的性質。
4.犯罪模式的變動性較犯罪手法小。
1.犯罪手法必然存在。
2.其討論的對象為特定的犯罪個體。
3.具有高度重覆性質。
4.具有學習改進的性質。
5.其內含具有範圍大小不一的特質。
分析
犯罪模式分析可劃分成三個階段:
1.犯前行為與準備(犯罪前)
2.犯案行為(犯罪中)
3.犯後行為(犯罪後)
犯罪手法主要目的為:
1.隱匿犯罪者身份。
2.順利完成。
3..便於逃離。
功能
1.犯罪預防。
2.掌控辦案全局。
3.教育訓練。
4.犯罪資料庫。
完整的犯罪手法分類檔案,會有以下潛在功能:
1.辨識嫌犯。
2.連結案件。
3.擴大偵破。

貳、 重大擄人勒贖案例分析
本研究就發生擄人勒贖案件中,針對被害人身分特殊、被勒贖金額高或被害人遭殺害撕票等案情,蒐集國內曾經發生且受國人矚目之重大擄人勒贖案件,分別為民國76年發生之邱○○擄人勒贖犯罪集團(陸○案)、民國86年發生之陳○○擄人勒贖犯罪集團(白○○案)及民國92年發生之張○○擄人勒贖犯罪集團(綁架洪○○案、綁架鄭○○案、綁架王姓商人案、綁架楊○○案、綁架于○○案)。
這三大社會矚目之擄人勒贖案件,橫跨了三個年代,均為該年代重大治安發生之代表案件,對台灣治安有很深遠之影響,為深入瞭解這三大案之始末,茲將這些案例的案發時間、地點、案情摘要、犯罪手法及犯罪集團組織分工等逐一整理並分析如下:
一、邱○順擄人勒贖犯罪集團(陸○案)
(一)案發時間:民國76年12月21日18時10分
(二)案發地點:新竹市北大路○○補習班
(三)案情摘要:
民國76年12月21日傍晚,邱○○和女友吳○○、友人黃○○、林○○、吳○○等多人,由於缺錢花用,綁架勒贖並將人質新竹市10歲學童陸○撕票,一時震驚社會各界。邱○○等人先分乘兩車在陸○補習班前守候,下午6時許,陸○下課,與一名同學前往附近新建大樓前沙堆玩耍,綁匪等該名學童離去,由吳○○誘騙陸正上車,陸○不為所動,邱○○等人將車駛近,強拉上車。由於陸○在車內極力反抗呼喊,邱○○用手摀住口鼻,陸○奮力掙扎,進而咬傷邱某的手,邱○○憤而決定殺人,勒頸使陸○陷入昏迷,行經青草湖下車,持藍波刀刺陸○腹部兩刀,將屍體裝入袋內,由鄭○○、余○○(兩人均判處徒刑16年確定)載往崎頂海邊,丟入海中棄屍。邱○○等人自陸○書包的家庭聯絡簿得知家中狀況、電話號碼,數度以電話勒索,詐稱陸○在其手中,要求500萬元,陸○家人多方周旋,才降為100萬元。邱○○要陸母前往高速公路給付贖款,將4張字條置於信封內,放置在高速公路的不同處,要陸母分別依內容趕往指示地點,最後地點為高速公路南下99.9公里處,邱○○等人則在正上方的陸橋,高聲喊叫「好了」,由余○○等人用繩子將布袋垂下,取得贖款。事後,邱○○仍未知足,要余○○打電話給陸○家人,要求再給贖款,補足成500萬元,不久,陸○遭綁架案已見諸媒體,邱某等人才罷手;事隔9個多月,臺北市刑警大隊緝獲邱○○等人,宣告偵破。法院開庭審理時,陸○父親也多次親自出庭,為愛子打官司;被害學童陸○屍體至今仍未尋獲,陸家父母姊弟一家人,也不時前往崎頂海邊棄屍地點遙祭陸○。
(四)犯罪手法:
1.擄人方式:強行擄人上車,旋即以利刃將人質殺死棄屍,再向被害家屬勒贖。
2.勒贖金額:新臺幣500萬元,經被害家屬討價還價後,歹徒妥協下降至新臺幣100萬元。
3.支付贖款方式:歹徒利用電話、信紙等聯絡方式,主動指示被害家屬到高速公路、或高速公路旁陸橋(涵洞)交付贖款。
4.人質藏匿處所:人質陸○遭綁後因極力反抗哭喊,遭主嫌邱○○以手摀住口鼻暫時昏迷於車上,後將人質以利刃殺死,棄屍在苗栗縣崎頂海邊。
5.人質情況:遭殺害棄屍。
(五)分析檢討:
震驚全國的新竹10歲學童陸○綁架撕票,纏訟17年,高等法院更10審宣判;合議庭依強劫殺人、擄人勒贖故意殺人等罪,判處主謀邱○○兩個死刑,褫奪公權終身;被告林○○判刑17年,吳○○和邱○○的女友吳○○,都判11年;全案仍可上訴。羈押中的邱○○、林○○出庭聆判,宣判前,邱某與律師不停地交談,得知判決結果,邱○○搖了搖頭,不發一語,林○○請求交保,合議庭表示將再開庭審理,兩人還押看守所。陸○父親陸○○表示對臺灣的司法感到灰心,本案一拖十審18年,應驗「遲來的正義不是正義」這句話,且目前綁票案層出不窮,臺灣的法律對作奸犯科者是否太過寬宥,社會自有公斷。陸○○衷心希望,將來最高法院不要再將本案發回更審了,因為他對臺灣司法灰心到了極點,並沈痛地說「難道要拖到大家都忘記這個案件,法官才會甘心?」陸○○指出,他從高等法院的判決主文發現,主嫌殺害他的兒子,因而被判死刑,但共犯卻因沒有參與殺害,逃過一死,他遺憾地說,根據自己多年來對法律的研究,他認為只要是有「犯意聯絡」,無論是誰殺了陸○,都應該同處死刑,然而高院法官卻罔顧這個基本法理,他相當遺憾。但目前全案因為未找到被害學童陸○的屍體,警員偵辦時也涉及刑求,分別遭公懲會懲戒,甚至法院判緩刑,加上一些證據取得具有爭議,導致案件遲遲未能確定。原本一審新竹地院87年間宣判,共判邱○○、林○○、吳○○、吳○○、黃○○(改判有期徒刑15年確定)、林○○(改判有期徒刑10年8個月確定)六人死刑,但是在歷次更審都已經改判有期徒刑,僅餘邱○○一人仍被判死刑。
二、陳○興擄人勒贖犯罪集團(白○○案)
(一)案發時間:民國86年4月14日
(二)案發地點:白○○從林口鄉忠○街住家前往醒吾高中上學途中
(三)人質藏匿處所:台北縣五股鄉西雲路○○號○樓(犯嫌林○○租屋處)
(四)案情摘要:
民國86年4月14日上午7時30分,陳○○、林○○、高○○,在台北縣林口鄉知名藝人白○○宅前,綁架了正前往醒吾高中上學的白○○,警方接獲報案後,隨即成立「0414」專案小組,同年4月28日,台北縣新莊中港大排發現女屍,經DNA比對,警方確定白○○已遇害,法醫楊○○相驗後認為死亡已八到十天。一時之間,台灣朝野震動,警方宣佈全面追緝在逃嫌犯陳○○、林○○、高○○。此後警方陸續在各地展開大規模的追緝,三人也開始在島內四處亡命,且不時傳出有人遭白案3嫌威脅、婦女被性侵害的新聞,台灣社會人心惶惶不安,十萬人聚集總統府前要求「總統認錯、撤換內閣」。
在警方一連串的追捕過程中,發生了警員曹○○因公殉職,醫師方○○、護士鄭○○遇害,在媒體報導推波助瀾、政府官員與警方遭受空前的破案壓力,台灣社會陷入「欲置白案3嫌於死地」的咒罵與惶恐中。白案3嫌中的林○○、高○○在警方圍捕過程中相繼死亡。86年11月18日,陳○○闖入南非駐中華民國大使館武官卓○○家中,夾持卓○○一家五口,使整個案情升高成為國際事件。此事件除了造成兩名人質受傷以外,更首開台灣新聞媒體透過電話現場專訪綁架犯的先例。陳○○在24小時內,接受了包括法新社、中視等國內外十餘家媒體的訪問,侃侃而談他犯案的心路歷程,試圖將自己英雄化。在陸續釋放受傷人質,並與前臺北市政府警察局刑警大隊長侯友宜(現任警察大學校長)談判溝通後,陳○○同意棄械投降,人質危機才告落幕。不過此一事件已經對台灣的國際形象造成重大損害,並動搖了臺灣人對治安的信心。
陳○○落網後,經由DNA的比對,證實他在逃亡期間,陸續犯下了19件以上的性侵害案件。陳○○在逃亡期間侵入民宅,性侵害單獨在家的婦女後,還大吃大喝一頓,拿走財物,並恐嚇被害人如果報案,一定回來報復,犯案行徑令人髮指。87年1月23日,板橋地方法院宣判,判決5個死刑、2個無期徒刑;陳嫌並於88年10月6日槍決伏法。
(五)犯罪手法:
1.擄人方式:強行擄人上車,後將人質殺害棄屍。
2.勒贖金額:美金500萬元。
3.支付贖款方式:未取得贖款,歹徒多次約定取款地點,均未現身。
4.人質情況:遭歹徒毆打凌辱後殺害棄屍。
(六)分析檢討:
白○○遭挾持殺害案,堪稱台灣有史以來最重大刑案之一,由於被害者為知名藝人之女,加上陳○○、林○○、高○○等三名加害人不僅作案手法殘酷,且又於逃亡途中犯下多幾刑案,撼動了整個台灣社會,本案最後在經歷了震驚國內外的挾持南非武官人質事件後,得以劃下句點,也終於為持續低迷的治安狀況扳回一絲希望。
綜觀「0414專案」中,就成本與效益而言,所付出的社會成本難以估計,本案在當時讓全國民眾深感治安敗壞,引發「504悼曉燕,為台灣而走」、「518用腳愛台灣」、「524陪台灣到天亮」等三次遊行,要求總統認錯,內政部長下台,三名歹徒對被害人及被害人家屬所造成的傷害,絕對難以抹平,而檢、警、憲、調所動用的人力以數十萬人次計,投入的資源高達億元以上,成本之高為歷來所見。在效益方面,需顧及證據之掌握及嫌犯逮捕兩部分,本案陳○○等三嫌犯下白○○綁架撕票案,固然令人痛心,但三人在逃竄期間所犯下之罪行更令人髮指。其中尤以陳○○連續強盜、強姦及方○○整形外科診所3屍命案最令人痛心。這都是執法單位不能在第一時間,以最高效率逮捕歹徒,而讓社會所付出之成本,這是執法單位應銘記於心的慘痛經驗。
本案中最大的爭議在於張○○是否涉案,執法單位未能提供直接且強而有力之證據,而讓其在審判上有一審無罪,二審無期徒刑之爭議。犯罪之第一現場在蒐證上面臨許多波折,因現場已被陳○○等清理過後,又縱火企圖湮滅證據,等到火警為消防隊所撲滅,現場證據已流失泰半,在加上媒體聞風而至,蜂擁入內拍攝畫面,因此若不能在第一時間封鎖現場,徹底採證,隨後所需面臨的現場干擾,絕非事前所能想像(羅松芳,1998)
由本案所延伸之陳進興挾持南非武官事件,在國內治安史上可謂為最具代表性之人質危機事件,在本事件發生前,警察機關並未真正具有人質與危機談判之觀念,亦未對人質挾持事件進行任何訓練或設立談判小組,最後本案雖經由談判者運用談判技巧及各治安機關密切合作下,順利使該人質事件和平解決,惟在談判過程中所引發之新聞媒體角色與採訪自由、第三者介入談判、建立談判聯絡管道,以及危機處理團隊內部組織之協調聯繫、後勤支援等問題,卻再次暴露出警察機關對於人質與危機談判應變能力不足與處理模式欠缺等問題,並促使事後臺北市政府警察局開會檢討,創先研訂「臺北市政府警察局執行歹徒挾持人質事件危機處理原則」,開啟國內警察機關重視與研究人質與危機談判之契機,此事件亦成為國內人質與危機談判演進發展之重要轉捩點(黃富源、侯友宜合著,2002)。
三、張○銘擄人勒贖犯罪集團
張○○於84年間,在臺南縣新營市東方KTV涉及殺人案件後,旋即逃亡至大陸地區,後經林○○之安排,於92年偷渡返臺,並自93年起,犯下多起擄人勒贖案件,茲將該集團涉及之擄人勒贖案分述如下:
(一)案發時間:民國84年6月、93年1月至94年3月
(二)案發地點:南投縣泰雅度假村(綁架陳○○與李○○案)、南投縣草屯鎮(綁架洪○○案)、臺南縣關廟鄉(綁架鄭○○案)、桃園縣大溪鎮(綁架王姓商人案)、臺南縣七股鄉(綁架楊○○案)、國道中山高北上298公里處(綁架于○○案)等。
(三)案情摘要
1.洪○○遭擄人勒贖案
民國93年1月7日下午2時,張○○夥同鄧○○及張○○,由張○○駕駛三菱廠牌黑色休旅車搭載張○○及鄧○○,持制式槍械至中興電臺附近守候,當洪○○駕車離開時,即由張○○與鄧○○持槍將之押至三菱黑色休旅車上,以手銬銬住被害人雙手,膠帶封住被害人之眼睛,逼使其以自己之行動電話及書寫親筆信函,向其家屬分別勒贖新臺幣1億元及6千萬元,並將洪○○押往臺南縣東山鄉山區藏匿,後由林○○另覓藏匿處所,林○○聯繫其友人代為尋找高雄縣金瓜寮山區工寮藏匿,最後,再由林○○駕車帶同張○○及鄧○○,押洪○○至臺東縣成功鎮林○○友人所有之工寮內藏匿,嗣於93年1月21日晚間10時許,洪○○趁張○○等人酒醉之際逃出,故未取得任何贖款。
2.鄭○○遭擄人勒贖案
93年4月2日,張○○夥同鄧○○、林○○、張○○,在臺南縣關廟鄉攔下鄭○○所駕駛之車輛後,持槍擄走於臺南市小東路及東門路開設大○當舖與國○當舖之鄭○○,由張○○、林○○及張○○將鄭○○押上渠等所駕駛之車輛,鄧○○則駕駛鄭○○之自小客車尾隨在後,張○○於車上便要求鄭○○以其自己之行動電話聯絡其員工,要求其員工準備贖金,後其員工準備1,500萬元交付予張○○,張○○則將該筆贖款以地下匯兌之方式匯往大陸地區,惟張○○仍要求需再給付4,500萬元,並持續將鄭○○囚禁於嘉義市,後因鄭○○為警方救出,故未再取得任何贖款。
3.楊○○遭擄人勒贖案件
93年7月2日,張○○夥同張○○、鄧○○與林○○等人,在臺南縣七股鄉產業道路上,持槍將○○客運少東楊○○所駕駛之自小客車攔下,並將楊○○強行押上渠等所使用之車輛後,將之藏匿於嘉義縣阿里山達邦山區,嗣再邀集林○○及曾○○負責看管楊○○,再由曾○○透過管道向楊○○之家屬傳達需支付贖金6,000萬元,後達成3,600萬元贖金之協議,楊○○之家屬則依約支付3,600萬元之現金予張○○,張○○取得該筆贖金後,先將其中2,250萬元交予洪○○,作為投資砂石場及購買車輛,其餘由其自己負責分配,並於93年7月18日釋放楊○○。
4.于○○遭擄人勒贖案件
張○○夥同李○○、李○○與林○○等人,於94年3月20日,先在高雄小港機場尾隨跟蹤于○○之座車,至國道一號公路北上298公里處,將于○○之座車攔下,再持槍將于○○強行押入渠等所使用之車輛,後將之帶往陳○○位於臺南縣楠西鄉山區工寮藏匿,張○○並要求于○○寫書信給其家屬,由陳○○負責寄送郵件,要求其家屬需支付40億元之贖金,後因于○○自行脫逃,故未取得任何贖款。
5.其他非屬擄人勒贖之暴力犯罪
(1)張○○、林○○、陳○○及張○○等人於93年6月3日於高雄縣阿蓮鄉,為躲避警方臨檢,遂由林○○持槍於國道三號關廟交流道,向攔截警察射擊,雖未造成警員傷亡,然仍誤傷路人蘇○○,張○○等人則趁隙脫逃。
(2)張○○、張○○、陳○○與林○○人,因鄭○○未依約支付足額贖款,遂於93年7月12日前往鄭○○所經營之當舖,持槍朝當舖開槍,並丟擲汽油彈,燒毀鄭○○所經營之當舖。
(3)檢警於93年7月26日循線監控張○○之行蹤後,在高雄縣大寮鄉圍捕張○○時,張○○、林○○、陳○○、張○○等人持槍向警方射擊拒捕,雙方發生槍戰,造成警方4人因此受傷,該次槍戰逮捕同案共犯林○○及李○○,張○○、張○○與陳○○則趁隙脫逃。
張○○前為詹○○擄人勒贖犯罪集團之成員,自84年起即因槍擊殺人、擄人勒贖等重大刑案通緝中,逃亡期間於85年初,透過管道持偽照護照(張貼自己相片)自高雄小港機場出境至香港後,再潛逃至中國大陸地區躲藏。事後該犯罪集團首惡詹○○於大陸落網引渡回臺,張○○已躍升為國內首要擄人勒贖重大在逃要犯。張○○原長期滯留於中國大陸地區,92年底由大陸福建搭乘大陸漁船至公海,轉搭台灣漁船,由台東成功漁港上岸返回台灣,立即結合國內各地區黑道份子,組成擄人勒贖犯罪集團,集團成員包括有高雄縣阿蓮鄉黑道份子林○○、高雄市車頭幫老大洪○○、高雄市角頭老大李○○、陳○○、天道盟太陽會殺手鄧○○、桃園黑道老大段○○、中部地區黑道老大林○○、王○○、南部黑道老大赫○○、吳○○及數名殺人殺人、強盜等重大通緝要犯,如陳○○、李○○、林○○等人,共同聯絡策劃犯下多起擄人勒贖、槍擊縱火等重大刑案,危害社會甚鉅。
本研究特將張○○犯罪集團自84年2月間至94年3月20日,涉及之案件(含擄人勒贖案件)整理如下表(如表2):
表2 張○○犯罪集團涉及案件(含擄人勒贖)一覽表
日期
地點
成員
犯罪過程
84年2月20日
新營市-東方快店
張○○、李○○
槍擊被害人林○○
84年3月27日
新營市
張○○、詹○○
李○○、張○○
吳○○、郭○○
強押軍火販仔許○○與吳○○(許的司機),索討1億元跑路費,因許○○搶奪槍枝不成,遭張○○的同夥(郭○○等人)槍殺,但警方未尋獲屍體。
84年6月28日
南投縣
泰○渡假村
張○○、詹○○
李○○、張○○
吳○○、郭○○
張○○與張○○等人赴南投泰○渡假村綁走董事長陳○○與秘書李○○,勒贖2億元(後減價為4,000萬元);陳○○20天後籌款獲釋,李姓秘書則於44天在曾文水庫獲釋。
87年9月
臺南縣東山鄉
張○○、李○○
在東山鄉林安村山區遭警方查緝,雙方互駁2、30槍,兩警中彈受傷,李○○左大腿中彈後,舉槍自戕;張○○則逃往山區,隨後潛逃大陸。於92年12月間自大陸偷渡,從臺東縣海邊回臺。
93年1月7日
南投縣草屯鎮
張○○、張○○
鄧○○
張○○夥同鄧○○及張○○,由張○○駕駛三菱廠牌黑色休旅車搭載張錫銘及鄧永燃,持制式槍械至中興電臺附近守候,當洪○○駕車離開時,即由張○○與鄧○○持槍將之押至三菱黑色休旅車上,以手銬銬住被害人雙手,膠帶封住被害人之眼睛,逼使其以自己之行動電話及書寫親筆信函,向其家屬分別勒贖新臺幣1億元及6,000萬元。
再將洪○○押往臺南縣東山鄉山區藏匿,後由林○○另覓藏匿處所,林○○聯繫其友人代為尋找高雄縣金瓜寮山區工寮藏匿。
最後,再由林○○駕車帶同張○○及鄧○○,押洪○○至臺東縣成功鎮林○○友人所有之工寮內藏匿,嗣於93年1月21日晚間10時許,洪○○趁張○○等人酒醉之際逃出,故未取得任何贖款。
93年4月2日
臺南縣關廟鄉
鄧○○、林○○
張○○、張○○
綁架於臺南市小東路、東門路開設大○當舖、國○當舖之鄭○○,勒贖3,000萬元,得手1,500萬元後,被害人經警方救出。
93年6月
桃園縣大溪鎮
張○○、林○○
陳○○、張○○
企圖綁架王姓砂石業者,勒贖2億元,但因王姓業者不在公司,而未得逞。
93年7月2日
臺南縣七股鄉
陳○○、張○○
張○○、林○○
張○○夥同張○○、鄧○○與林○○等人,在臺南縣七股鄉產業道路上,持槍將和○客運少東楊○○所駕駛之自小客車攔下,並將楊○○強行押上渠等所使用之車輛後,將之藏匿於嘉義縣阿里山達邦山區,嗣再邀集林○○及曾○○負責看管楊○○,再由曾○○透過管道向楊○○之家屬傳達需支付贖金6,000萬元,後達成3,600萬元贖金之協議。
楊○○之家屬則依約支付3,600萬元之現金予張○○,張○○取得該筆贖金後,先將其中2,250萬元交予洪○○,作為投資砂石場及購買車輛,其餘由其自己負責分配,並於93年7月18日釋放楊○○。
94年3月20日
國道中山高
北上298公里處
李○○、張○○
李○○、林○○
張○○夥同李○○、李○○、與林○○等人,於94年3月20日,先在高雄小港機場尾隨跟蹤于○○之座車,至國道一號公路北上298公里處,將于○○之座車攔下,再持槍將于○○強行押入渠等所使用之車輛,後將之帶往陳○○位於臺南縣楠西鄉山區工寮藏匿,張○○並要求于○○寫書信給其家屬,由陳○○負責寄送郵件,要求其家屬需支付40億元之贖金,後因于○○自行脫逃,故未取得任何贖款。
來源:本研究彙整

參、 擄人勒贖犯罪之相關理論
回顧相關研究擄人勒贖犯罪文獻中,本文以社會控制理論、中立化技術理論、標籤理論、差別接觸理論與生命史犯罪學理論等五個犯罪學理論觀察擄人勒贖犯罪者之犯罪形成歷程、病理機制。
(一)社會控制理論(Social control theory)
Travis Hirschi於1969年發表社會控制理論,認為在社會化的過程中,個人和社會之間有各種不同的社會鍵,人不會犯罪是因為受到外在的社會控制力所影響,然而當這些社會鍵連結變得薄弱時,個人才會犯罪。社會鍵包括了以下四種(蔡德輝,1986;周愫嫻譯,1992;張景然,1992;許春金,2007):
1.附著(attachment)
附著力愈強,或是一個對他很重要的人(如父母、朋友、角色模仿對象),或是與機構(如學校、社團)之間的連繫愈強,產生偏差的可能性就大大減少。
2.抱負(commitment)
Hirschi認為,個人如果投入相當時間與精力致力於追求較高的教育和事業,則當他欲從事犯罪或偏差行為時,應考慮該行為可能帶來的不利代價(如喪失美好前途或受教育機會),則對自己行為會有所約束,其犯罪可能性也就相對減少。
3.參與(involvement)
指個人投注於傳統或非傳統行為的活動、時間和精力的程度。積極參與傳統且有益身心活動較多的人,會將其潛在犯罪誘因隔離起來。
4.信仰(belief)
指相信社會規範的公正性,也就是說,如果一個人相信規範,就會有服從它的道德義務與責任感,相對地也就較不會從事犯罪行為。
從社會控制理論的觀點來看,擄人勒贖犯罪者從事犯罪行為的主要原因,在於該個體與家庭、學校、同儕擁有薄弱的社會鍵,並且無法全心全力地從事於社會性之活動(如追求學業成就)。換言之,薄弱的社會鍵可能是導致他們從事擄人勒贖犯罪的主因。
(二)中立化技術理論(Techniques of neutralization theory)
David Matza & Gresham M. Sykes (1935)的中立化技術理論認為,一般青少年仍保有傳統的價值觀念與態度,但是他們卻學習到一些「技巧」,使他們能中立化這些價值觀,藉以衝破傳統價值觀的束縛,好讓他們的行為能漂浮於合法與不合法之間。中立化技巧理論與副文化理論不同,中立化理論強調學習「合理化」其偏差行為的技巧;而副文化理論則強調學習「犯罪與偏差行為」的技巧與態度。因此,本理論有以下的觀點(許春金,2007):
1. 一般青少年仍保有傳統價值觀的認知(如仍崇敬誠實與勤奮的人),有時對自己非法行為仍存有罪惡感、羞恥心;假使渠認同犯罪副文化時,犯罪者僅只會懊惱自己疏忽遭逮捕,並不會對自己錯誤行為感罪惡。
2. 合理化技巧使他們暫時離開社會規範的約束,而參與犯罪行為。
3. 青少年於犯罪時,對於誰可加害或誰不可加害,分辨得很清楚。如親人、鄰居、自己尊崇的長者都不會是渠所欲加害的對象,這就間接說明青少年犯罪者仍意識到自己錯誤的行為。
中立化技術理論不僅可用來解釋青少年偏差行為,亦可用來理解暴力犯罪者用來脫罪的藉口;進一步深思,多數犯罪者並非完全沒有道德價值(如羞恥感、罪惡感等認知情緒)。
但是,中立化技術理論亦有一項重大缺陷,它並未詳細說明「中立化」或稱「合理化」是何時發生?究竟是「犯罪實行之前」、「犯罪實行中」還是「犯罪實行後」?本研究藉由訪談擄人勒贖犯罪者的心理歷程,清晰建構出中立化的時機、及其具體內涵。
(三)標籤理論 (Labeling Theory)
美國學者Howard Becker於1963年提出標籤理論,其認為一個人之所以會成為犯罪者,乃是對他人賦予標籤所做的反應。因此,當一個人違反社會規範而被他人貼上負面標籤時,則其將在此負面標籤的影響下,貶低自我形象,持續更嚴重的偏差行為,最終成為一位真正的犯罪者,此即Frank Tannabaum所謂的「邪惡的戲劇化(The Dramatization of Evil)」。
標籤理論認為,一個人受到標籤後有兩個主要的效應:一為烙印(stigma)的產生,即指個人被標籤為犯罪人之後,他人就會開始以這個烙印所代表的意義,來和他交往與互動,不再以他行為的真實意義來看待他;一為自我形象(self-image)的修正,或自我實現的預言(self-fulfillment prophecy),即當外在標籤力量逐漸強化,當他人對他有負面而同一標籤時,他就會重新評估自己身分,偏差行為便逐漸惡化,而實現了自我的期望(許春金,2007)。
對於此一標籤形成的過程,也可以由社會心理學中的歸因理論來做解釋(張景然,1992):
1.自我歸因:
人們在自己面對不同外在壓力環境下,觀察自身行為,而獲知自己的態度,並非經由自己內在感受的反省。因此當他人叫少年為「不良少年」或是長期將他視為「犯罪者」,久而久之,個人就會接受他人對他的稱呼,並且也認為自己確是犯罪者。
2.一致歸因:
人們傾向選擇和他人先前行為模式一致的因素做歸因,也就是說當別人的行為和我們以前對他的認知一致時,我們會相信這種行為表現乃是個人人格特質上的原因;但是,如果別人的行為方式和以往不同,而且是新的行為出現時,我們則相信這是情境因素造成的。因此當青少年已出現過犯罪行為,雖然他想要改變,但人們對於他的改變很容易認為不是他的本意,對此一青少年來說,這種情境很容易令他產生挫折,而加強他的偏差行為。
3.錯誤歸因:
當個人對自己的內部狀態感到不確定時,或是個人不在意自己做出什麼樣的反應時,會使個人把真正引發行為的原因,錯誤地歸因到其他似是而非的原因上。例如當青少年為了要幫朋友的忙,而以打架的方式來解決問題時,若老師只是一味地否定他,認為他是個品性不好的人,而以正確方式使他了解他的解決方法是錯誤的,則此一青少年就很容易在此狀況下做錯誤的歸因,認為自己真的是品性不好的人。
由標籤理論觀點來看擄人勒贖犯罪者,青少年初次犯罪,通常是竊盜、傷害等小罪,後來,因社會非難,而犯搶奪、強盜、槍械等較嚴重的罪。最後,被標定為「犯罪少年」後,即有可能與其他罪犯結夥,而策劃對社會秩序及人身安全傷害最大的擄人勒贖案件。本研究訪談犯罪者的過程,即可試著印證標籤理論在此類犯罪者,犯罪形成的解釋程度。
(四)差別接觸理論(Differential association theory)
Edwin Sutherland(1937)認為:我們身處一個人們可對犯罪有不同定義的社會裡,而決定個體犯罪與否,須視該個體對犯罪的行為、動機、技巧、態度等的學習過程。因此,當個體接觸之犯罪人多於非犯罪人;或接觸有利於犯罪的定義多於不利於犯罪的定義時,該個體則容易陷於犯罪,此即所稱「差別接觸」之內涵。差別接觸理論的要點有九項(黃富源、范國勇、張平吾,2006;許春金,2007):
1. 犯罪行為是學習而來。
2. 犯罪行為是經由與他人的接觸過程中,互動學習而來。蘇哲蘭堅信一個人並不會因為居住於惡劣的環境中,或有個性上缺陷(如智商低)而成為犯罪人。
3. 犯罪行為的學習主要發生在親近的社會伙伴,所謂親近的社會伙伴係指家人、親友、同學等最容易影響個人認知觀念、想法者。
4. 犯罪行為的學習包括犯罪的動機、技巧、合理化以及態度等;此外,犯罪的生手必須學習正確的專業術語,與對犯罪正確反應以降低遭逮捕的機率。
5. 犯罪的動機以及驅力,視一個人學習到法律(或犯罪)有利或不利的定義的多寡而得,進而影響個人觀念、想法而認同犯罪行為才是正確的。
6. 若一個人接觸有利於犯罪的定義多於不利於犯罪的定義,則他易成為犯罪人。
7. 差別接觸的效果會因頻率、持久性、先後次序和強度的不同而有所不同。
8. 犯罪行為的學習機制與一般行為的學習機制相同。
9. 犯罪行為可解釋一般的需要與價值,卻不為這些一般的需要與價值所解釋。
從本文訪談中發現,多數犯下擄人勒贖案件者,均會事先計劃且綿密任務分工;以蘇哲蘭的差別理論用來解釋擄人勒贖的犯罪手法,是會經過:學習→改進缺失→進化犯罪手法→多樣化犯罪技術的一組模式演進歷程。以擄人勒贖犯罪付贖方式的演進:火車丟包(付贖)→高速公路旁或涵洞丟包→歹徒不斷變更指示付贖地點(以公用電話發話)→指定人頭戶轉帳匯款→發展兩岸四地擄人勒贖模式(台灣擄人大陸付贖、大陸擄人台灣付贖)。上述犯罪行為的發展,皆可印證蘇哲蘭理論。
(五)生命史犯罪學(John Laub, 2004)
一個人的生活史,是受到他所經驗的歷史時間和地區所影響。生命的轉折對一個人的發展性影響,隨其何時發生在一個人身上而有所不同。個人在歷史和社會環境下,透過選擇和行動建構了自己的生命史。(生命史有部分受到個人決定所影響)。發展性過程(developmental process):犯罪的生涯是發展性的,是不斷地變化,每個階段的原因機制均可能不同。
格魯克夫婦於1939年在麻州所做的少年輔育院之研究資料重新整理和分析,產生此一理論,主要有以下三個特點:結構變項〈年齡、性別及種族〉透過家庭和學校控制的中介作用而解釋兒童和少年時期的偏差行為。兒童和少年時期的反社會行為可以以不同的型態〈如:酗酒、竊盜、精神疾病及犯罪或偏差行為〉而延續至成人時期。但無論早期犯罪傾向如何,成人時期的家庭和就業狀況可以解釋成人犯罪狀的改變。研究發現:
1. 年齡與犯罪:有相當重要的關係
2. 延遲成熟(delayed maturation)現象
3. 實驗組與控制組有截然不同的生命方向(life course):行為有其穩定性(stability)和特殊型態(pattern)
4. 最重要的影響因素:早期的家庭生活
5. 遭受方法學上的批評:偏差行為測量過於簡略、因果分析不明確、缺乏對立模式等。
沿襲1993年逐級年齡非正式社會控制理論外,擴充增加了三項犯罪影響因素:
1. 個人意志力(human agency)人類的行為是有意義、目的、和系統性的。即使是犯罪人也會積極地改善自己的機遇。持續犯罪者除缺乏以上機制外,最大的特徵:(1)個人缺乏意志力(human agency)以抗拒犯罪的誘惑、(2)酒精或毒品的長期濫用。
2. 情境脈絡(situational context)犯罪和暴力必須要從情境的脈絡來加以考量、觀察。
3. 歷史脈絡(historical context)出生、成長在某個階段影響了一個人的客觀機會及世界觀。
4. 持續犯的最大特徵是邊緣化(marginality)及不連結性(deconnectivity)
5. 終止犯罪的四個主要途徑(轉折點):婚姻/配偶、軍隊服役、矯正學校、鄰里的改變。這四個轉折點均能創造新的情境而產生以下的機制:
(1) 切斷過去不良的影響
(2) 提供監督或監控,以及社會支持和成長的機會
(3) 改變了日常活動的結構或型態
(4) 提供自我認同(identity)的改變
本研究藉由訪談犯罪者,瞭解其從早期的家庭生活狀況,到日後成年時期的發展情形及期間相關的轉折,分析其從事擄人勒贖犯罪之原因。
(六)國內擄人勒贖犯罪相關研究
在國內擄人勒贖犯罪之相關研究中,以學者楊士隆之研究分析為例,其係以文本分析、量化分析及個案研究等三種研究策略進行研究(楊士隆等,2005),研究結果發現我國擄人勒贖犯罪以「集團模式」居多。若以犯罪前、犯罪中及犯罪後等三個基本階段分析(林燦璋,2000),可歸納彙整如下表(詳如表3):
表3 擄人勒贖犯罪行為模式分析表
犯罪模式
行為內容
犯罪前(犯前行為與準備)
1.通常由一位經濟遭遇急迫性困境者發起。
2.吸收成員。
3.選擇目標。
4.選定囚禁人質之處所。
5.準備相關工具。
犯罪中(犯罪行為)
1.尋求適當下手時機,以守候跟蹤為最多。
2.真正行動。
犯罪後(犯後行為)
1.進行勒贖,要求贖金。
2.取款方式。
3.人質釋放方式。
來源:本研究整理
(七)人質挾持事件壓力因素
任何人質挾持事件的發生都有其形成原因,危機處理人員若不能深入探究這些原因,並掌握挾持者的心理及想法,將有可能導致反效果(激怒挾持者引發人質傷亡),整個人質談判過程就好像一場談判人員與挾持者間心理戰。人質挾持事件處理的最高準則是避免人員在過程中傷亡,達成「零傷亡」最終目標(黃富源、侯友宜,2002)。
Michaud.等學者於2008年針對加拿大Quebec省自1990年迄2004年所發生指534件挾持人質事件,以量化分析途徑(approch)彙整534件挾持人質事件之危機因子(risk factors),試圖建構警方處理人質挾持事件之決策模式(Police decision making model)。首先他們將危機因子分成三大類,分別為1.靜態個人因子(Static personal factors);2.靜態情境危機因子(Static situational factors)與3.動態情境危機因子(Dynamic situational factors)共18種觀察危機因子(指標);彙整如表4。從這些危機因子預判將有助警方,成功處理人質挾持事件使人質可以安全獲釋及挾持事件安全落幕。
在整個人質挾持事件中,不管是人質、挾持者、談判人員、人質家屬均處於高度壓力環境下,這些壓力來源不外是挾持事件(擄人勒贖案件)係屬突發事件,具有不可預測性,誰都沒有百分之百把握可以整個危機保持「零傷亡」圓滿落幕,因此探究壓力源因素(如後)與因應策略將有助整個危機事件和平、圓滿疏處。
1. 挾持者的壓力:事件本身狀況、挾持人質狀況、殺害人質的狀況、挾持者人數、現場圍捕警力的部署等。
2. 人質的壓力:擔心自己可能遭遇不幸機率、其他人質遭殺害、警察給予壓力、與挾持者熟稔的壓力等。
3. 談判人員的壓力:人質造成的壓力、營救人質的時間競賽壓力、外界期許圓滿落幕的壓力等。
表4 加拿大警方處理人質挾持事件之危機因子(指標)
加拿大警方處理人質挾持事件之危機因子(指標)
一、靜態個人因子(Static personal factors)
1.綁匪性別
2.綁匪年齡
3.綁匪是否心理疾病或精神病史紀錄
4.綁匪是否有自殺紀錄
5.綁匪是否有暴力犯罪前科紀錄
6.綁匪是否有用武器刀械傷害人紀錄
二、靜態情境危機因子(Static situational factors)
7.遭挾持人質至少有1人以上
8.挾持事件發生之前,綁匪是否有飲酒或嗑藥情形?
9.報警求救電話是否由綁匪親自撥打?
10.挾持事件發生之導火線是否因家庭衝突演變所致?
11.挾持事件現場綁匪有無用武器刀械威脅人質情形?
12.挾持事件現場綁匪是否有設置路障,以妨礙營救人質行動?
三、動態情境危機因子(Dynamic situational factors)
13.挾持事件發生後多久,警方與綁匪雙方才正式展開溝通、談判?
14.挾持事件整個過程有無發生警匪雙方暴力對峙或槍擊事件?
15.綁匪有無提出個人需求或挾持人質之訴求?
16.警方展開談判時間點與展開正式營救人質時間點之差異?
17.挾持事件發生五分鐘內有無展開與綁匪溝通、談判行動?
18.綁匪有無提出挾持事件結束後,他們可以安全離開訴求?
資料來源:Michaud, P. & Guay, J(2008). Predictive Modeling in Hostage and Barricade Incidents, Criminal Justice and Behavior 2008; 35; 1136-1155

肆、 研究方法~質化取向
訪談係質性研究中蒐集資料的一種方法,希望在實際的場域中,發現一些事實真相,此方法是一種蒐集一群人或相關人之訊息或意見,由訪員面對面親自詢問受訪者問題之資料蒐集方法,在質的研究中,所謂現象學,其研究重點在於如何將所經驗之現象結合在一起,以理解這個世界,並藉此發展出「世界觀」(吳芝儀、李奉儒,1999),因此,本文希冀由訪談以判刑確定入監服刑之犯罪者,瞭解並描述擄人勒贖案件發生前、中、後等三個階段之現象,再者,對於犯罪者之背景、犯罪原因及動機、犯罪手法、被警方緝獲之原因及與被害者之互動等亦為本文所欲探討之重點;本研究於進行訪談前,事先定好主題,研擬訪談大綱,再進行訪談,係採取半結構性的訪談指引法。
一、信度考驗
無論是自然科學或社會科學研究皆要求客觀性,亦即依據資料探討研究對象的事實情況,質化和量化的研究同樣必須符合這種要求。信度即是測量的可靠性,也就是指測量結果的穩定性或一致性。當我們針對某一相同的受試體,利用同一種特定的研究技巧,重複進行多次研究,我們所得到的研究結果都是相同的(李美華等譯,1998)。信度的高低是一種相對的概念,並非全有或全無的特質。問卷信度(reliability)的檢定代表一份問卷受測者在相同條件下,重複測量是否得到相同結果(即穩定性)或相同構念(相同構念、目的相同),以不同題目測量所得之測量結果之一致性(consistency)程度。
本文信度考驗部分;因研究團隊均為警察人員,對於警察處理擄人勒贖案件過程,知之甚詳,有相當之實務經驗。因此,對訪問所得可加以檢核,排除不可信或有造假嫌疑之資料;次為本研究訪談所獲得犯罪者為第一手資料,可與本文所蒐集之檢警官方資料(例如偵查報告、移送書及筆錄等)及相關報告相互印證。
二、效度考驗
效度(validity)係指測量工具確能測量所欲測量的特質或功能之程度,質的研究中研究者即是工具(The researcher is the instrument.),質的研究之效度,大部分的關鍵在於進行實地研究者本身的技巧、訓練和知識(吳芝儀、李奉儒譯,1995)。為提高本文效度,研究團隊於博士班期間曾接受研究方法的訓練,並曾擔任法務部委託研究案主持人及其他研究案協同主持人、研究員,參與質化的研究訪談,在研究過程,可運用此訓練及經驗。
欲瞭解擄人勒贖案件犯罪手法、犯罪模式、生理及心理因素,必須針對主嫌及從犯詳加深入訪談(採半結構式訪談),尤其是擄人勒贖案件甚少由一人獨力完成。因此,主嫌犯案原因?如何規劃作案?如何募集共犯?而從犯提供何種協助?如何提供協助?為何協助?等等問題都值得探究。為避免本研究訪談時,主嫌與從犯造假或不實陳述,本文預擬訪談大綱如後:
1. 請詳述您幼時家庭成長背景?
2. 請詳述您幼時教育背景?
3. 請詳述您幼時朋友關係?
4. 請詳述您幼時與鄰居或鄉親相處情形?
5. 請詳述您成人後家庭狀況?
6. 請詳述您成年後朋友關係?
7. 請詳述您成年後與鄰居或鄉親相處情形?
8. 您何時第一次犯案?犯什麼案件?刑事處遇如何?
9. 您何時第一次犯擄人勒贖案件?使用何種工具(交通、電信、武器)?
10. 您第一次擄人勒贖案件結果如何?所得?有無被查獲?判刑及服刑結果?
11. 往後犯案情形及結果?
12. 您如何挑選被害人?
13. 您如何著手?
14. 您對今後警察處理是類案件有何建議?
15. 您對社會大眾有何具體建議?或政府政策?

三、研究對象
本研究對象限定於觸犯「擄人勒贖」犯罪並經司法審判確定之受刑人,以台灣地區為研究場域範圍。為了能確保受訪對象的「代表性」,本研究團隊從內政部警政署刑案資訊系統調閱自民國1986年至2006年發生於台灣地區具有社會矚目重大擄人勒贖案件,逐一過濾犯下擄人勒贖罪的名單,與先透過管道接觸受訪對象,向其說明本研究目的,取得充分理解與同意後。研究人員則依其所列符合研究目的之受訪名冊,逐一至各該受訪者服刑監獄或看守所進行訪談。
本研究遴選之受訪者條件如下,(一)必須為擄人勒贖犯罪之主嫌或共犯;(二)犯罪時年齡介於25歲至55歲之間為原則;(三)犯嫌已判決者刑期均超過8年以上。
訪談13名擄人勒贖犯罪者基本資料分析,(一)性別皆為男性;(二)職業包括企業負責人、軍人、服務業、漁工、水泥工及無業等;(三)教育程度專科2名、高中5名、高中肄業1名、國中3名、國中肄業1名、國小1名,詳如表5。
表5 受訪犯罪者基本資料分析表
編號
年 齡
職 業
居住地
教育
程度
與被害者者熟識程度
刑 度
C1
52
企業負責人、房屋仲介業、賽鴿
嘉義市
專科
不認識
11年
C2
37
食品業、銷售及製造人員
臺北市
高中
不認識
12年6月
C3
29
服務業(應召站負責人)
臺北縣
國中
不認識
14年
C4
35
漁工、偷渡來臺做泥水工
福建省
國小
不認識
10年2月
C5
34
軍人、新聞文字記者
基隆市
專科
認識
9年10月
C6
26
服務業(債務催收公司)、賭場圍事
桃園縣
國中
不認識
3年10月
C7
32
工、成衣販售、遊樂場員工、銀樓業
臺北縣
高中
認識
20年
C8
28
服務業
(通訊行老闆)
臺北市
高中
不認識
8年6月
C9
36
船員
臺北縣
高中
不認識
10年8月
C10
25
裁縫師、應召站圍事、學生
臺北縣
高中
不認識
12年
C11
28
水泥工
高雄市
國中
不認識
9年
C12
30
無業
臺南縣
國中
肄業
不認識
無期徒刑
C13
31
無業
臺北市
高中
肄業
不認識
尚未判決
資料來源:研究者自行整理

受訪擄人勒贖犯罪者之案情,有震驚社會之案件、強大火力之犯罪集團首謀如張○○;綁架基隆醫生之凶嫌沙○○;亦有大陸偷渡犯來臺犯罪,其他尚包括為人逼討債務、綁架妓女、綁架自己女友、電玩業者、當舖業者等窮凶惡極,詳細之情節,彙整如表6。
表6 受訪擄人勒贖犯罪者案情摘要表
編 號
案 情 摘 要
C1
因開設債務催收公司,幫朋友催收債務,因對方(被害者林○○)不願意付錢,故自臺北押走被害者,拘禁於嘉義之鴿舍內,後實因無法索討到金錢,方將對方釋放,後為臺北市之警方循線緝獲。
C2
與朋友合組擄妓勒贖集團,於賓館內叫小姐後,假稱係警務人員,要求應召站給付贖金方釋放人質,作案數次均透過人頭戶轉帳得逞,後因應召站要求現場交付贖金,並暗中報案,為警方緝獲。
C3
自稱是擄妓勒贖,將被害人綁了三天左右,他說願意賠償,給我五百萬,他打電話給他老婆,他老婆也說好,錢還沒付,到現場就被抓了,出事了,原來是他老婆事先就報警了,我也不知道警察為什麼幫他,我就這樣被抓了。
C4
自稱為福建籍之大陸偷渡犯,偷渡至臺灣工作後,因僱用之老闆延遲給付薪水,故離開僱用老闆處,投靠同鄉,同鄉則介紹其至柴○○旗下工作,幫忙柴永森看守人質,後因主嫌相繼落網,於警方解救人質時被緝獲。
C5
憲兵上尉監獄戒護官退伍,於找工作過程中,一百萬之退伍金遭詐騙殆盡,遂意圖綁架朋友之女友,將被害者拘禁於住處房間內,被害者逃脫時,以童軍繩攀爬,不慎墜樓身亡,其後並將屍體載往他處丟棄,後因家屬報案,警方上門搜索,警訊時自白,供出案情。
C6
因朋友與其妻感情不睦,遂在朋友要求下,自導自演綁架其小姨子,朋友再藉機向其岳父佯稱可以代為處理綁架案,趁機勒索金錢,其綁架女童不久後即將女童釋放,後因其朋友在警方偵訊時先行自白,並被其朋友騙至釣蝦場交付金錢,與取款過程中遭警方逮捕。
C7
因購買王八電話卡,但因無法使用,於住處向被害者質問,後乾脆綁架被害者,要求對方家屬給付金錢,已使用人頭戶順利取得金錢並釋放人質,但警方找到販賣人頭戶之業者後,透過業者佯稱仍須至銀行辦理相關手續,於銀行內被捕。
C8
因幫朋友討債,赴南部將被害者押回北部,拘禁於中正紀念堂附近之眷村內,因回程將被害者之車輛開回,警方尋獲車輛後,於車內採獲其與共犯之指紋,遂遭警方逮捕。
C9
因認識賭場之朋友,朋友缺錢後,邀其參與綁架案,與同夥共4人綁架白沙灣渡假村之小開,雖計畫嚴密,且利用高速公路丟包取贖之方式取款,但因同夥操之過急,同夥遭警方現場逮捕,後其同夥誘騙其至臺北分贓,為警方緝獲。
C10
與C4係同案被告,其參與至一半後即收手,但對方仍持續綁架,故一併為警方緝獲。
C11
因與朋友合開債務催收公司,他的朋友和另一個任職房仲業的友人,與被害者有土地仲介費之糾紛,他在不明白情況下就參與綁人,後來警方靠著監錄系統及手機通聯等蒐證,就將他們逮捕。
C12
曾犯下多起擄人勒贖案件,在每次綁架前,其綁架目標大多由相關友人提供給他並傳達綁架訊息,其執行綁架由多人進行並分工,於綁架後藏匿地點亦由友人提供相關處所,後來在幾次與警方交手下都順利逃脫,不過在警方將其他成員逐一逮捕及查緝專刊發佈後,讓其元氣大傷,最後警方更藉由相關高科技設備,偵搜並鎖定其位置,在臺中縣槍戰中將其及另一名黨羽逮捕。
C13
友人提供綁架目標,於是就和另2名友人租一輛箱型車,趁被害人至停車場開車時將他擄走,然後到被害人住處搜刮財物,並押他到汽車旅館監禁,在逃亡一個月後就被警方逮捕。
資料來源:研究者自行整理

伍、 研究發現
一、擄人勒贖犯罪手法與犯罪模式
綜合本節資料,將犯罪者訪談所得,以犯罪手法與犯罪模式依紮根理論方式進行整理,分為主概念、次概念、答項(亦即主要內容),加以分析,詳細內容如下表7。
表7 犯罪手法與犯罪模式紮根理論分析表
類型
主概念
次概念
主要內容
犯罪手法與犯罪模式
使警方偵辦困難
事先計畫綿密
且詳細分工
詳細之計畫,包括擄人方式、對象、動線、藏匿地點、交通工具、取贖方式、逃亡路線等。
不讓人質知道
囚禁地點
為了避免人質釋放後,知道被囚禁的地點,犯罪者有時會要求人質帶上頭套或是遮蔽其視線,使人質不知身在何處,有時為了安全或是掩人耳目,期間會多次更換人質藏匿處所。
使用人質之行動電話、公用電話、王八卡、易付卡等與人質家屬聯絡
犯罪者會儘量以不留痕跡之方式與家屬聯繫,包括使用人質之行動電話、提供特定之行動電話及號碼、公用電話、王八卡、易付卡等,且為避免警方追蹤到訊號來源,犯罪者會不時移動方位及製造可能藏匿人質地點之假象,以混淆警方之追蹤。
贖款交付方式複雜化
犯罪者會事先演練,事先觀察地形、動線,以免在取款過程中遭警察追緝。
使犯案容易達成
犯罪者為使犯案能順利達成,會跟監被綁架者或觀察地形一段期間
通常犯罪者會先在被害者活動範圍附近觀察地形及選擇下手方式
使用槍枝或其他武器
用一定程度之武力及器械迫使人質就範,工具主要還是以刀、槍、電擊棒及手銬為主。
以綑綁或安眠藥等方式控制人質行動
受限於看管之人力不足,或是事先沒有良好的計畫,所以通常以綑綁控制的方式居多,有時還會搭配安眠藥的使用。
監視被害人家屬
有無報案
會恐嚇對方不要報警,但為減少犯案風險及明瞭被害者家屬是否有採取報警的行動,有時犯罪者會藉由各種的機會查探被害者家屬的行動。
必要時會與賓館業者合作、聯絡
若是特殊案情,如擄妓勒贖案件,必要時歹徒會與賓館業者合作、聯絡。
使犯罪所得提高
用程度不一之方式傷害或恐嚇被害人
犯罪者最終之目的仍在於取得金錢,為迫使人質及其家屬就範,犯罪者於綁架人質初始,即會用程度不一之方式傷害或恐嚇被害人,以提高贖金金額,並儘速順利取得贖金。
使犯案後容易逃脫
避免留下跡證或故意留下跡證混淆警方
歹徒漸漸知悉警方偵查及追蹤方式,因此,會儘量避免留下可供追蹤的指紋及生物等跡證,或在離開現場前,清除相關跡證。
變換車牌或使用可以避免追蹤之方式
採取變造車牌或使用出租車輛之方式逃避追查,另歹徒亦知道監理單位與警察機構間之協調作業時間,通常在作案前一刻,才會變造或竊取要使用之車牌。
預先擬定逃亡方式
犯罪者會預留後路,計畫案件失敗後之逃亡方式,訪談到的對象中,多數以中國大陸為主要選擇對象,但亦有部分犯罪者未想到可能失敗的問題。
資料來源:研究者自行整理
二、犯罪學相關理論之印證
從受訪擄人勒贖犯罪者犯罪原因可發現,以下相關理論獲得證實詳細內容如下表8。
(一)控制理論
Gottfredson與 Hirschi(1990)認為「犯罪性」(criminility)是一種人格特質;「犯罪性」則被界定為行為者追尋短暫、立即的享樂,而無視於長遠的後果之「傾向(propensity)」,可造成不同的個人,在從事犯罪活動(或其他類似偏差行為)上的差異。換言之,「犯罪性」的核心就是「低自我控制」特質(本研究C7即具有此特質),個人面對各種誘惑較無法控制、抵擋。
C7:我做服裝材料的,跟我叔叔做,在和平西路大理街口附近,住也在那附近,後來全家就搬到中和去,那邊的房子也不適合做生意了。我們是賣鈕釦拉鍊的,接觸的都是成衣廠,把材料賣給成衣廠,大部分是做轉手的,我們要做染色,配合廠商的要求,去作他們需要的顏色,因為一開始都是白色的,所以要配合廠商,這一行自從八十幾年後,很多廠商轉到大陸去後,這一行就不好賺了。那時生活就開始不正常了,沒有欠錢,但是生活不正常,總是要弄點錢才對,退伍一兩年了,生活不正常,就想不勞而獲。
C12:記得國中時我就不喜歡讀書,上課喜歡說話、玩;因此,老師為了維持班級秩序,就叫我不要讀書去操場跑步,我腦海的印象就是我ㄧ直不停在操場跑步。
C12:人出來走江湖也是為了錢財,只不過是每個人賺錢方式不同,因為用偷、搶的方式我不會。我感覺用綁票方式比較有格調、卡有格調。
(二)中立化技術理論
中立化技術理論不僅可用來解釋青少年偏差行為,亦可用來理解暴力犯罪者用來脫罪之藉口;本研究發現多數犯罪者,並非完全沒有如羞恥感、罪惡感等道德認知,只是他們心理上必須替他們錯誤行為,找尋合理化的理由,以便於否定責任。
C6:我有問警察,他說是跟主嫌問一問,就問出來了,所以我感覺是被出賣了。也覺得起訴跟判決對我們很不公平,因為法官認為擄人三等親內,要加重其刑,他們後來一直上訴,變成五年半,我們還要三年多,我也搞不清楚,為何三年多,還用擄人勒贖判,好像罪名對我不公平。
C7:其實我認為警察真的要追蹤,任何方法都追蹤的到。我覺得我也不是存心要做這件事情,不然警察也應該沒有這麼容易抓到我。
C12:不會因綁架楊○○而感到不安、抱歉,因為楊○○的父親所做所為亦備受爭議……;且賺很多錢,如果要錢綁架他兒子,叫他父親付錢亦是不為過。
表8 犯罪學相關理論分析表
類 型
主概念
次概念
關聯意義單元群聚內容
犯罪學



論印

控制理論
「犯罪性」的核心就是「低自我控制」特質
C7:我做服裝材料的,跟我叔叔做,在和平西路大理街口附近,住也在那附近,後來全家就搬到中和去,那邊的房子也不適合做生意了。我們是賣鈕釦拉鍊的,接觸的都是成衣廠,把材料賣給成衣廠,大部分是做轉手的,我們要做染色,配合廠商的要求,去作他們需要的顏色,因為一開始都是白色的,所以要配合廠商,這一行自從八十幾年後,很多廠商轉到大陸去後,這一行就不好賺了。那時生活就開始不正常了,沒有欠錢,但是生活不正常,總是要弄點錢才對,退伍一兩年了,生活不正常,就想不勞而獲。
C12:記得國中時我就不喜歡讀書,上課喜歡說話、玩;因此,老師為了維持班級秩序,就叫我不要讀書去操場跑步,我腦海的印象就是我ㄧ直不停在操場跑步。
C12:人出來走江湖也是為了錢財,只不過是每個人賺錢方式不同,因為用偷、搶的方式我不會。我感覺用綁票方式比較有格調、卡有格調。
中立化
技術理論
找尋
合理化理由
以否定責任
C6:我有問警察,他說是跟主嫌問一問,就問出來了,所以我感覺是被出賣了。也覺得起訴跟判決對我們很不公平,因為法官認為擄人三等親內,要加重其刑,他們後來一直上訴,變成五年半,我們還要三年多,我也搞不清楚,為何三年多,還用擄人勒贖判,好像罪名對我不公平。
C7:其實我認為警察真的要追蹤,任何方法都追蹤的到。我覺得我也不是存心要做這件事情,不然警察也應該沒有這麼容易抓到我。
C12:不會因為綁架楊○○而感到不安、抱歉,因為楊○○的父親所做所為亦備受爭議…;且賺很多錢,如果要錢綁架他兒子,叫他父親付錢亦是不為過。
標籤理論
青少年
初次犯罪
C2:感覺上可能是先交到壞朋以才會這樣,很多因素交叉在一起,剛好又有金錢問題才會這樣,之前缺錢時,也沒有想到要去做壞事,因為朋友慫恿,所以才會這樣。做完壞事後,也沒有什麼不安,被抓後,也沒什麼感覺,因為一開始從沒想到說會有問題,沒想到說會被抓,被抓真的是意外。
C13:我曾讀幼稚園、士林國小、士林國中及泰北高中,高中一年級交到壞同學(朋友),有一次他們偷機車給我騎,我騎的時候被警察抓到,被判保護管束,我當時並沒有把同學拖下水,但是從當時起就開始和竹聯幫分子來往,於是偷抽菸、翹課、偷竊、打架等不法行為就一直持續下去。
被標定為
「犯罪少年」
C13:我父親是外省的退伍軍人,家境尚稱有錢,小時候父母親離婚,我哥哥跟母親,我跟我父親。……高中一年級交到壞同學(朋友),有一次他們偷機車給我騎,我騎的時候被警察抓到,被判保護管束,我當時並沒有把同學拖下水,但是從當時起就開始和竹聯幫分子來往,於是偷抽菸、翹課、偷竊、打架等不法行為就一直持續下去。…比較有印象是高中交了壞朋友。但是,他們叫什麼名字,現在人在哪裡,我已經都不知道了。因為被關的時候,認識監獄的新朋友,所以出獄的時候,我都和監獄中新交的朋友來往。……因為後來又犯了一些案件,他們也怕和我來往,乾脆大家不要有牽扯。…父母離婚後,我哥哥跟母親,我跟我父親,我和媽媽也很少往來,我78年5月退伍後,因為開設賭場、參與賭博、玩地下期貨指數,把父親的積蓄輸光光,父親後來被我氣死。……78年11月就因盜匪案件(搶賭場)入獄,83年假釋,84年初又因為人逼討債務,再度入獄,90年出獄,就和獄友如竹聯幫、天道盟、至尊盟等分子一起賺錢,一直到這次犯案被抓。我現在的朋友大多是幫派分子。……最早應該是高中一年的偷機車吧,當時是少年法庭付保護管束。
差別接觸
理論
與犯罪者
接觸學習
C9:我剛從印尼回來,我是跑船的,生活不好,遇到主嫌他們,我又愛喝酒,平常出門都是主嫌請我,他本身是建築小包商,他一個朋友把他拉去賭場跟人合股,去湊場子,投資場子,後來他自己也貪,他自己也下場賭,也輸了不少錢,生活也過的不好,忽然就跟我講,生活不好,有妻子小孩,輸這麼多,不好交代,要過年了,看有沒有辦法認識一些人,弄一些錢,有一天,他忽然跟我講,我不好意思拒絕他,反正他媽的被人逼的受不了,所以就跟他做這件事情了。
C10:我是經由我同伴的弟弟介紹認識的,只是去幫幫忙而已,這個過程我有跟法官講,可是他聽不進去,也就這樣判了。
交友不慎
C2:那時父親剛過世,家裡環境也不好,醫藥費又花的蠻多的,雖然家人有幫忙出,但是工作都不穩定,朋友說有賺錢的方法,就跟著去了,我後來也沒請律師,地院判完就寫報告申請過來執行了,因為,請律師也要花很多錢。
資料來源:研究者自行整理
三、擄人勒贖犯罪者心理及行為歷程
一般而言,擄人勒贖犯罪者心理及行為歷程,係個人有愛玩叛逆和低自我肯定的特質,後來加上家庭教養問題、學校學習的挫折、社會環境影響及朋友同儕的引誘,為了滿足個人需求,而產生偏差行為。
惟本研究發現,犯下擄人勒贖案件犯罪者之心理及行為歷程,分類為下列三種情形:
其一為,個人有愛玩叛逆和低自我肯定的特質,由於家庭教養問題、學校學習的挫折、社會環境影響及朋友同儕的引誘,為了滿足個人需求,而產生偏差行為,再因標籤化使其無法擺脫污名及自我控制力較差,以致於產生嚴重偏差行為,最後則從事罪刑重大的擄人勒贖行為。舉例如本研究受訪之犯罪者C1、C3、C11、C12、C13。
其二為,個人雖不一定有愛玩叛逆和低自我肯定的特質,但是因朋友同儕的引誘,無法以合法之方式贏取自己之需求,為了滿足個人慾望,而犯擄人勒贖罪行。舉例如本研究受訪之犯罪者C2、C5、C6、C7、C8。
其三為,個人年幼時雖不一定有愛玩叛逆和低自我肯定的特質,但成年後,受迫於生活困頓,亟需財物,無法以合法方式獲得,只好走向以暴力取得自己需求,例如強盜、搶奪、擄人勒贖等。舉例如本研究受訪之犯罪者C4、C9、C10。
此一暴力犯罪之形成,雖然是個人和環境的交互作用,但根據本研究結果,認為其主要原因仍在於個人的自我狀態。畢竟,有自我肯定感的人可以自我提升,而以合法之方式取得權力,達到自我實現的目標。
本研究經由深入訪談犯罪者及分析上述心理、行為歷程,認為多數擄人勒贖犯罪者,係從兒童或青少年前期,即在家庭學校遭遇一連串挫折,導致其處於低自我肯定的狀態,本研究受訪之犯罪者中,尤以C13張○○及C12沙○○之案例為此模式之典型案例。因此,本研究參考吳芝儀(2003)累犯暴力犯罪者心理及行為圖,描繪出擄人勒贖犯罪心理及行為流程圖,如圖110-1-1。儘管擄人勒贖犯罪係屬於重大犯罪案件,犯罪者除自幼年時期因不良同儕、家庭學校及自我控制不足之影響,以致產生圖110-1-1犯罪行為之歷程模式。
惟本研究發現,尚有一部分犯罪者係於成年之後,因環境逼迫、積欠他人債務、金錢被騙光或偷渡來臺生活困頓等情況,而犯擄人勒贖案件,此類犯罪者犯罪心理及行為歷程較為複雜,因此,本論文修正吳芝儀對累犯暴力犯罪者心理及行為研究結果之歷程圖。
因此,本研究主張刑事司法體系對擄人勒贖犯罪者之教化,必須從不良同儕、家庭學校及自我控制不足之影響等相關因素,針對不同個案,有不同之心理諮商與輔導策略,以免教化徒勞無功,致其出獄後,再陷入犯罪淵藪,無法悔改向善。
愛玩叛逆
低自我肯定
家庭
學校
生活困境
社會
朋友同儕
嚴重偏差行為
輕微偏差行為
擄人勒贖犯罪
迫不得已
引誘
標籤
低自我控制
圖1 擄人勒贖犯罪心理及行為歷程圖
四、擄人勒贖犯罪者暴力成因
本研究在第五章第七節從受訪擄人勒贖犯罪者犯罪原因,印證了相關理論:一、控制理論(C7、C12);
二、中立化技術理論(C6、C7、C12);
三、文化衝突理論(C3、C4、C6、C9);
四、標籤理論(C2、C13);
五、差別接觸理論(C2、C3、C9、C10)。
經由綜合質化訪談及量化分析結果,本研究發現,擄人勒贖犯罪者犯罪生涯及自我觀念之發展歷程,可區分為五個階段,分別敘述如下:
一、兒童期(0-12歲):此時期大多數為乖小孩,外在表現文靜乖巧,尚無偏差行為或飲酒行為之出現。
二、青少年前期(約12-15歲):受到家庭、學校、同儕的影響,開始變壞,愛玩叛逆,已經有不良或輕度暴力之偏差行為出現,而且會有娛樂式(偶一為之)之飲酒或藥物濫用行為。
三、青少年後期(約16-19歲):受到家庭、學校、工作、同儕的影響,急遽惡化,價值扭曲,不僅出現不良或輕度暴力之偏差行為,並逐漸有中度暴力行為出現,而且飲酒或藥物濫用行為,由娛樂式(偶一為之)轉變為尋歡式(通宵達旦)。
四、成年期(約20-28歲):受到社會、工作、家庭與同儕之影響,向下沉淪,產生矛盾心態,已經逐漸由中度暴力之偏差行為,衍生為重度暴力行為,而且飲酒或藥物濫用行為,由尋歡式(通宵達旦)逐漸變為成癮式(醉生夢死)。
五、壯年期(約29-40歲):受到社會、工作、家庭、同儕的影響,陷入犯罪淵藪,無法自拔,產生自我麻痺及英雄主義症狀,出現重度暴力之偏差行為,而且飲酒或藥物濫用行為常常是成癮式(醉生夢死)。
本研究受訪之犯罪者(包括C1、C3、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13等),多數是從「青少年前期」國中階段開始變壞之後,逐漸惡化;其自我觀的演變,則從文靜乖巧、愛玩叛逆、價值扭曲、追求自利、滿足自我需求、不顧他人權益;偏差行為則從抽菸、喝酒、翹課、翹家、打架等較輕微之暴力行為,演變為偷竊、威脅、恐嚇、飆車、傷害、逼討債務等之犯罪行為,最後,產生擄人勒贖、搶劫、強盜殺人等重大犯罪之暴力行為。
綜合上述,可由本研究第二章第五節之分析得到印證,多數擄人勒贖犯罪者之犯罪年齡皆在「成年期」及「壯年期」,因為他們的偏差行為都具有從「青少年前期」之後逐漸惡質化的特徵。本研究特參考吳芝儀(2003)累犯暴力犯罪者犯罪生涯及自我觀念發展圖,將擄人勒贖犯罪者犯罪生涯及自我觀念之發展歷程,繪製成圖210-1-2。
生涯階段
兒童期
前青少年期
後青少年期
成年期
年齡範圍
壯年期
0-12歲
約12-15歲
約16-19歲
約20-28歲
約29-40歲
飲酒或藥物濫用
娛樂式(偶一為之)
尋歡式(通宵達旦)
成癮式(醉生夢死)
偏差行為發展
不良/輕度偏差
一般犯罪行為
擄人勒贖犯罪
自我觀演進
影響因素
家庭學校
同儕
家庭學校
工作同儕
家庭社會
工作同儕
家庭社會
工作同儕
文靜乖巧
愛玩叛逆
價值扭曲
追求自利
滿足自我需求不顧他人權益
生涯演變
乖小孩
開始變壞
急遽惡化
無法回頭
持續犯罪
圖210-1-2 擄人勒贖犯罪者犯罪生涯及自我觀念之發展歷程
資料來源:參考吳芝儀(2003),本研究修改

伍、結論與建議
一、結論
經本研究訪談犯罪者發現,受訪之擄人勒贖犯罪者個人犯罪成因,除了可以印證本研究文獻探討之各種理論外,現今國內發生之擄人勒贖案件具有下列幾點特性:
(一)犯罪集團職業化:由於國內債務催收公司合法化,故許多之擄人勒贖案件係由債務糾紛所衍生出來,此類案件均為合法之債務催收公司人員所犯。另外,由於國內經濟及社會風氣的變化,開始出現以擄人(妓)勒贖為職業之犯罪團體或組合。
(二)勒索金額極大化:勒索金額多則上億,少則數十萬,端視犯罪者之目的而定。依據訪談結果,愈來愈多犯罪者所取之贖金超過被害人所能承受,因為他們希望能一次索取到足夠的金額,然後遠離臺灣或隱匿於社會中,以躲避警方可能之追緝。因此,勒索金額愈來愈多,而有極大化之趨勢。
(三)犯罪原因多樣化:以往擄人勒贖之目的均以獲取金錢報酬為主,但依據訪談結果,擄人勒贖之原因除了單純之獲取金錢報酬外,常有因債務所引起之糾紛及不同犯罪團體間因利益衝突所衍生之黑吃黑問題,此類擄人勒贖原因除金錢因素外,尚有報復及展示自己本身勢力之成分在,因此,近來擄人勒贖之犯罪原因可謂越來越趨複雜。
(四)犯罪分工組織化:擄人勒贖犯罪通常無法由一個人所犯下,由於此類犯罪牽涉層面較廣,且必須直接與被害者接觸,以及適時的使用強制力才可達成目的,因此需要有較多的人參與,這包括目標及交通工具的選擇、現場觀察、擄人、與家屬聯絡、看守人質及取款等,甚至有法律諮詢顧問參與其中,因此需要有一定程度的組織方可達成,也就是說擄人勒贖之犯罪組織之分工較其他的暴力犯罪而言,有較強之組織化犯罪現象。
(五)犯罪區域跨境化:擄人勒贖犯罪較其他的暴力犯罪而言,其牽涉之地域較廣,犯罪範圍通常超過一個地方分局或縣市警察局的管轄範圍,因此,在犯罪偵查作為上,更須注重單位間的橫向協調能力,最常見到之的現象為甲地擄人、乙地看守、丙地談判、丁地取款,部分歹徒亦坦言,之所以採取不同地域之犯罪方式,就是看準警方橫向協調能力不佳及各單位間可能產生的爭功諉過現象,認為可以利用警方各單位間之矛盾,爭取較大的犯罪空間及成功機會,更有甚者,則是利用我國在國際間的特殊地位及司法互助管道不暢通等現象,要求付款至香港、中國或美國等地,增加警方追緝之困難度。
(六)犯罪工具科技化:除了常見的汽車等交通工具外,歹徒還會使用各類的通訊器材(行動電話如王八機、王八卡等)、監視器材(如望遠鏡)、武器(除改造槍枝之外,亦有各類制式槍枝)、銀行帳戶(除本地之人頭戶外,尚有他國或跨境之帳戶)等,凡現今人類生活中各類可以使用及取得的設備或器材等,均可做為歹徒之犯罪工具。
(七)擄人對象廣泛化:犯罪者擄人勒贖的對象有廣泛化之趨勢,以往歹徒針對的對象可能為家境較為寬裕者,但現今犯罪的對象有性工作者、生意夥伴、競爭對手、朋友或是根本不清楚對方背景而產生的隨機擄人行為。
(八)犯罪過程隱匿化:犯罪者為逃避警方的追緝,會使用各種方法掩飾身分,藉由科技的輔助,犯罪者更易於隱藏自己的身分與藏匿人質,例如透過不知名人士出面談判、使用前述各類科技產品、配合跨境犯罪等方式,增加警方偵辦之困難。
(九)使用手段暴力化:犯罪者會使用各種可行之方式以達成擄人的目的,這當然包括強制力的使用,除了威脅或恐嚇被害人外,毆打或傷害被害人為常見之方式,甚而再搶奪被害者之財物加以變賣,訪談對象中,更有對人質性侵害之行為,因此,擄人勒贖之犯罪者所犯之罪行,除擄人勒贖之本罪外,通常會附加傷害、強盜或性侵害等罪名,而這些暴力行為之目的,均是要威嚇被害人使其順從所致。
(十)接收贖金狡詐化:歹徒通常會選擇隱匿的方式接收贖款,最常使用的方式即是透過人頭戶轉帳,部分要求當面交贖款者,犯罪者亦會事先多次勘查取款及逃逸路線,事先演練,並使用任何可能之工具,以促成贖款之接收。
二、建議
對擄人勒贖犯罪對社會、治安之影響,以及政府與民眾如何有效預防擄人勒贖犯罪案件之發生,建議如後:
(一)呼籲民眾生活應單純化,行事謹慎低調,避免誇耀財富,以免引起歹徒覬覦。
(二)平日警察機關應針對轄內較可能之被害對象,加以輔導防範預防被害,如建請於住宅周邊建置監視設備、感應照明或攜帶個人式衛星定位(如中○保全A-GPS)。
(三)提高擄人勒贖案件的破案率,阻嚇歹徒的犯罪的動機。
(四)增加警察巡邏之密度,提高破案率,加強民眾對警察偵辦擄人勒贖案的信心,使民眾遭遇綁架時,願意尋求警察的協助。
(五)注重校園安全,避免學童在上下學途中遭綁架。
(六)擄人勒贖案件發生前,被害人居家、交通等方面會先有異常徵兆,如遭人跟蹤、於住家附近徘徊,鎖定被害人生活作息而伺機下手,民眾應有危機意識,事先做好被害防範工作。
(七)當面遭歹徒擄人勒贖時,應暗記歹徒人數、面貌、特徵、衣著、及交通工具(含車牌號碼),以供警方準確研判案情而順利偵破逮獲歹徒。
(八)加強高犯罪率者(例如教育程度低、財務出現問題、無業者)之教育,提高渠等犯罪羞恥感,可降低犯罪人口。
(九)警察機關應提高破案率,使歹徒覺得需付出極高成本,此乃抑制擄人勒贖案件發生最有效的策略。
(十)對於擄人勒贖犯罪應速審速,從重判刑,以消除歹徒犯案的動機。
(十一) 警察機關受理報案應正確研判案情,運用科技器材儘速偵辦,立即偵破,以中止歹徒犯罪行為。
(十二) 將綁匪對待人質之情形,列入判刑考量,可使嫌犯善待人質,減低人質被殺或傷害之機率。
此外,本研究對於警方追查犯罪之偵查手法,依據相關偵查犯罪規範,包括調查訪問(現場查訪)、勘察採證、跟蹤監視、通知訊問、相關背景清查、電腦及電磁紀錄清查、刑案紀錄資料搜尋、金融監察、保險及社福機構清查、通訊監察、影像辨識、線報及情資運用、搜索及攔檢、共犯指證、道德勸說等等,經本研究整理分析,針對警察機關破獲擄人勒贖案件之關鍵因素,本節所列出之主概念「偵查技術」、「科技硬體」、「合作與策反」等三項,加以分析並提出以下建議,詳細內容如下表95。
表95 警方破案關鍵紮根理論分析表
類型
主概念
次概念
主要內容
警察破案關鍵
偵查技術
警察人員跟監
警方利用跟監技術仍是偵查擄人勒贖案件重要的方式,但行動必須小心謹慎,以免被歹徒察覺。
現場搜索採證落實
現場採證的完整關係偵查方向的正確性,並且能夠幫助偵查人員縮小偵查範圍,對於案件偵查必然有所幫助。
科技硬體
電話監聽
利用監聽,上線及現譯臺辦案。
通聯紀錄分析技術
分析電話通聯或電子通訊紀錄。
錄影監視器
發揮功能
調閱有關重要路口的監視錄影帶而破案。
合作與策反
加強佈建
對相關業者實施佈建,協助警方打擊犯罪。
與被害家屬合作
獲得家屬相當程度之信任,誘使歹徒出面取款。


與銀行合作
銀行業者由於本身工作之敏感性及潛在危險性,警察亦可說服銀行業者合作,共同打擊犯罪。
與人頭帳戶
業者合作
充分利用歹徒矛盾心理,取得人頭帳戶業者之合作,協助追緝嫌犯。
策反同夥共犯
策動同夥全盤供出作案經過及犯嫌,也是破案關鍵之一。
說服嫌犯自首或投案
當警察知悉犯罪者,應加以說服投案或逮捕,但為加強犯罪證據,必須取得犯罪工具,有時犯罪工具早由歹徒丟棄,還是有必要透過親情、關係、談話技巧等,加以取得。
資料來源:研究者自行整理


參考書目
一、中文部分
1. 吳芝儀(2003),累犯暴力犯罪者犯罪生涯及自我觀之發展與演變,犯罪學期刊,第6卷第2期,頁127-176。
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12. 蔡俊章等(2007),擄人勒贖犯罪之犯罪心理、手法及偵查策略研究,法務部法醫研究所委託研究案報告書。
13. 蔡德輝、楊士隆(2006),犯罪學(修訂四版),台北:五南圖書出版有限公司。
14. 羅松芳(1998),福爾摩沙之憾,台北,平安文化有限公司。

二、英文部分
1. Dean, G. & Gottschalk, P.(2006). Profiling police investigative thinking:A study of police officers in Norway. International Journal of the Sociology of Law,34,221-228
2. Hall, H.V. & Poirier, J.G.(2001).Detecting malingering and deception:Forensic distortion analysis. CRC Press,217-246
3. Hagan, F.E.(2006).Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology. NY:Pearson Education
4. Michaud, P. & Guay, J(2008). Predictive Modeling in Hostage and Barricade Incidents, Criminal Justice and Behavior 2008; 35; 1136-1155.
[1] 施宇峰,中正大學犯罪防治研究所博士生,現任內政部警政署警務正(通訊作者-聯絡電話0916-157-888、桃園縣桃園市民有6街109號9樓)
[2] 蔡俊章,中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所博士,現任高雄市政府警察局局長
[3] 范兆興,中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所(刑事司法組)博士生,現任台南縣警察局巡官

Fan, Chao-Hsing(范兆興)基本資料

Fan, Chao-Hsing(范兆興)基本資料
a621227@gmail.com
a621227@yahoo.com.tw

學歷
l 2006 中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所(刑事司法組)博士生
l 2000-02 中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所碩士
l 1994-98 中央警察大學鑑識科學系學士

工作經驗
l 2007- 高雄市政府警察局 刑事鑑識中心巡官
l 2005-06 臺北市政府警察局 刑事鑑識中心警務員
l 2004-05 台南縣警察局 局長室機要秘書
l 2003-04 台南縣警察局 鑑識課巡官
l 2001-02 台南縣警察局 新營分局偵查隊副隊長
l 1999-2000 台南縣警察局 佳里分局七股分駐所副所長
l 1997-98 臺北市政府警察局 內湖分局督察巡官

專長
l 主修犯罪心理學
l 犯罪現場勘察


Education
l 2006– Ph.D. student, Department of Criminal Investigation
Central Police University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
l 2000–02 M.S., Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University Taiwan, R.O.C.
l 1994–98 B.S., Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University Taiwan, R.O.C.

Experience
l 2007– Crime Scene Scientist, Forensic Science Center
Kaohsiung City Government Police Bureau
l 2005–06 Major, Forensic Science Center, Taipei City Police Department
l 2004–05 Secretary, Director-general’s office, Tainan County Police Bureau
l 2003–04 Crime Scene Scientist, Forensic Science Center
Tainan County Police Bureau.
l 2001–02 Detective, Criminal Investigate Brigade
Tainan County Police Bureau
l 1999–2000 Police Station’s Deputy Chief, Tainan County Police Bureau
l 1997–1998 Second-lieutenant, Inspector Affairs, Taipei City Police Department

Specialties
l Criminal Psychology
l Crime Scene Investigation

Publication and professional conference participation and presentation
1. C.-H. Fan. A Study on the Criminal Investigation Strategy Concerning Kidnapping for Ransom, Journal of Criminology (Taiwan) 19:161–194 (2007).
2. C.-H. Fan.A Study on the Criminal Investigation Strategy Concerning Insurance Crime, The 2007 Annual Conference of The Taiwan Society of Forensic Science. Taoyuan, Taiwan. 11, 2007.
3. C.-H. Fan. The Psychological Course of Hostages of Kidnapping Crimes in Taiwan, The 2007 Annual Conference of The Europe Society of Criminology. Bologna, Italy. 9, 2007.
4. C.-H. Fan. An Correctional Strategy of Drug-abuse for Juvenile Offenders, The 2006 Annual Conference of The Taiwan Society of Criminology. Taoyuan, Taiwan. 10, 2006.
5. C.-H. Fan, A Case Study in Homicide Investigation in Taiwan — An Interpretation From Crime Scene Investigation, Reconstruction, Modus Operandi, and Psychological Evidence. The 2005 Annual Conference of The Taiwan Society of Forensic Science. Taoyuan, Taiwan. 10, 2005.

科學證據與交互詰問制度關係〜從張○仁命案之判決書分析〜

科學證據與交互詰問制度關係
〜從張○仁命案之判決書分析〜

范兆興[1](Chao-Hsing, Fan)、程志強[2](Chih-Chiang, Cheng)、施宇峰[3](Yu-Feng, Shih)

目次
壹、問題背景
貳、科學證據檢驗標準相關文獻〜以「佛萊法則」與「道伯測試法則」探討
參、張○仁命案之判決書分析~從證人、鑑定人、鑑定證人等三種不同角色觀察與評析
肆、結論與建議

壹、問題背景
「科技為偵查插上翅膀,智慧仍是偵查的靈魂」。現代化的科學技術能給偵查插上翅膀,使刑事偵查對犯罪事實之發現能「觀之有形,聽之有聲,查之有據」,但科技之運用更有賴於人類之智慧(朱富美,2003)。
我國自2003年9月改採改良式當事人進行主義之刑事訴訟制度,引進證據排除法則、傳聞法則,並採行交互詰問制度,由於變革非常大。又刑事訴訟乃確定國家對特定人之特定犯罪事實所實行之法定程序,由於現代因人權思想之發達,刑事訴訟之目的,已趨向「發見真實」與「保障人權」之平衡發展,且因法治國思想凝聚而成的「無罪推定」、「罪疑唯利被告」、「不自證己罪」、「正當法律程序」、「正當法律程序」等原則之建立,國家追訴機關必須證明犯罪人之犯罪事實,且須達到已無任何合理懷疑存在之程度,始足成立犯罪。因此,在整個刑事訴訟之過程中,證據就顯得格外的重要,而成為整個刑事訴訟之核心工作。
刑訴法§161Ⅰ規定:「檢察官就被告犯罪事實,應負舉證責任,並指出證明之方法」。關於舉證責任,因犯罪事實應依證據認定之,而證據係伴隨著犯罪事實而存在,但證據並非自動顯現於法庭,必須由當事人負責蒐集而後提出,再經法庭檢辯雙方交互詰問程序,讓案件系爭點或需釐清疑點愈辯愈明。
然鑑於我國法則上實施專業鑑定制度雖已有數十載,但至今未獲刑案當事人信賴,頗受社會訾議。例如,車禍事故鑑定制度欠缺公信力與權威性,亟待革新;鑑定機構定位與鑑定結果之證據力一直存在爭議,司法機關之審判品質亦連帶受損,鑑定人員亦連帶受損;鑑定人員認證制度尚未建立,鑑定人員素質良莠不齊;鑑定意見書以機關名義具名,且不必具結,實際鑑定人不對鑑定結果負責;公設鑑定機構形成壟斷,但進步緩慢,錯誤之比率過高等多項缺失,引發本文撰稿之研究動機。

貳、科學證據檢驗標準相關文獻〜以「佛萊法則」與「道伯測試法則」探討改良式當事人進行主義之重點在於貫徹無罪推定原則,檢察官應就被告犯罪事實,負實質舉證責任;法庭的證據調查活動,原則上係由當事人來主導,只有案件實質真相仍待釐清,抑或維護被告利益與公平正義時,法官才介入發動職權調查證據。又法官所認定自由心證事實係根據,己身養成法學訓練之日常生活知識,與未具備之自然科學知識運用於刑事程序中,認為係發現真實之利器。此種發展趨勢,不僅運用於偵查之層面,而以科學知識技術蒐集證據、發現犯人,於審判中作為判決基礎之證據,亦有科學知識技術之運用(蔡銘書,2000)。此即產生所謂「科學證據」之背景。
證據法則乃係近代以來歐美國家本於法治國之思想,為落實保障人權之目的,經過長期凝積而發展出來憲法化的法律規則;我國所採改良式當事人進行主義之刑事訴訟制度,國家必須積極證明被告之犯罪事實,且達到無任何合理懷疑存在之程度,始足成立犯罪。從刑訴法第155條「證據之證明力,由法院本於確信自由判斷。但不得違背經驗法則及論理法則。」觀之,我國鑑定人僅能由法院選任,科學鑑定證據在法庭上,如何能被僅受傳學法學訓練之法官、檢察官發現科學上的真實呢?又何謂科學、科學知識?何種科學知識可認為具有可信性、有效性(validity)?
法庭上值得探究的是具備何種條件才能確立科學之有效性?固然在科學上最終檢驗理論或數據的”有效性”是時間,因為科學是累積性的,並且在很大程度上都能自我更正。科學家不斷收集新數據,提出新理論,有些能經得起時間的考驗,有些不能。以本案為例,法醫研究所之鑑定報告所記載:「被害人張○仁口鼻有膠帶經過之痕跡,且出現組織壓迫之情形,須考量死者於被人綑綁時造成呼吸道阻塞死亡(悶死),加以解剖結果未見其他重大傷害,及毒藥物反應,更加證實此一可能性。故死因為呼吸道阻塞造成窒息死亡方式為他殺。」上述鑑定報告之理論依據為何?人被綑綁時口鼻遭異物掩蓋後,造成呼吸道阻塞死亡(悶死)機率多少?法醫臨床解剖發現常見特徵為何?判定呼吸道阻塞致死豈非是端賴鑑識人員(法醫)之主觀判斷意見,如此鑑定過程合乎客觀的科學證據嗎?
美國聯邦最高法院在1993年Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals案推翻了實務上應用了長達七十年,由1923年Frye v. United States 案所揭示並長久為實務引用之“被普遍接受( general acceptance) “之標準,改認定聯邦法官對鑑定證據應負把關義務(gatekeeper),檢視專家証人提出的科學知識其推理及方法是否在科學上有效、是否與待證事項有關連並可信賴。這樣的判決使得法官在法庭上面對由科技鑑定產生之鑑定結果時,須重新省思與檢討:這項鑑定意見是真正的科技知識嗎?法院應如何判定其證據能力,如何調查?並以何種標準為證據評價(朱富美,2003)。以下就美國刑事證據法之「佛萊法則」與「道伯測試法則」進行概念介紹與論述:
一、佛萊( Frye)法則
佛萊法則是指科學證據的容許性的前提必須得到該專門領域普遍接受(general acceptance)的程度。這是美國聯邦法院最早用來判斷專家證人在法庭上提出科學證詞之容許性標準,該案是美國哥倫比亞地區聯邦巡迴法院在1923 年審理佛萊( Frye v. United States)所確立之法則。該案被告因涉嫌二級謀殺罪在法院審理時,因被告曾通過一種血壓測謊檢驗,律師欲以該血壓測謊檢驗證明其無辜,並主張請專家證人到庭證明該測謊係科學方法,但法院駁回其請求,並於判決表示:「科學原則或發現何時跨過實驗與實施階段的界線,是很難界定的。在這模糊地帶,科學原則的證據力必須被確認,同時法院於採納專家證人依公認的科學原則或發現所推論之證詞時,該推論必須得到該專門領域普遍接受的程度」,而由於血壓測謊檢驗的原理並未獲得其所屬領域普遍接受,因此法院拒絕被告律師的請求,仍維持被告有罪之判決(呂文忠,2006)。
佛萊法則提供法院一套對科學證據容許性判斷的統一及有效標準,免去冗長的聽證程序及降低陪審團被有疑問的科學證據誤導。並讓訴訟審理拒絕使用艱澀難懂的科技專業術語,使檢辯雙方的專家經由交互詰問過程質疑對方所提示之證據。
佛萊法則所確立的檢驗科學證據容許性之「普遍接受」原則,雖經美國聯邦法院採用超過半世紀之久,但在適用上仍遇到相當多問題及批評,首先法院面對的難題是誰來決定科學原則已獲「普遍接受」及其決定標準何在?在適用佛萊法則時,必經的二道步驟(1)界定科學原則或發現的領域範圍。(2)科學原則或發現是否已獲該領域成員普遍接受?但這二道步驟在適用時也有其困難,因為有些科學技術並非僅極限於某種學科或領域,界定專門領域範圍,勢必影響該證據容許性,使「普遍接受」原則適用上產生相當的彈性。且科學原則或發現須要獲得該專門領域成員多少比率接受,才達到普遍接受的標準?亦是問題。批評佛萊法則的人亦認為該規則把法律應決定的問題交給科學家,且使原告擔負不公平的舉證責任,「普遍接受」取代對證據可靠性和有效性的分析,並使一些可信賴的證據,在冗長發展階段期間,因尚未獲得普遍接受程度,在法庭提出時受到不當阻礙。即嚴格適用佛萊法則,迫使法院須長期等候新技術發展達到普遍接受為止,並可能因為排除該項可信賴的證據,造成新技術發展期間的文化落差。

二、道伯(Daubert)測試法則
美國國會在1975 年制定聯邦證據法(Federal Rules of Evidence),就聯邦法院適用的證據法則作全面廣泛的規定,該法雖然對於科學證據作了概括性的規定,但並未明文接受或排斥普遍接受原則,以致法院是否仍應適用普遍接受原則,仍是一直爭論不休。直到1993 年美國聯邦最高法院才在Daubert一案中推翻聯邦法院長期採用的普遍接受原則。有學者形容「如果DNA 證據引起鑑識科學的革命,Daubert 及其後續引申出現案件,可以說是引發鑑識科學證據證據能力的革命」。
1975 年聯邦證據法中與科學證據有關的條文主要是第403 條規定:「具價值之證據,如果會產生不公平偏見的危險、混淆爭點、誤導陪審團、或造成訴訟不當遲延、浪費時間、提出不必要證據等,縱該證據具關連性,亦得排除之」;第702 條規定:「如果科學上、技術上或其他專業知識有助於事實審判者瞭解證據或決定爭執之事實時,具備該知識、技術、經驗、訓練或教育之專家資格證人,得以意見或其他方式作證,但應符合(1)證言係基於足夠的事實或資料。(2)證言係依可信的原理與方法所獲得的結果。(3)證人確係採用該原理與方法於本案事實」;第703 條規定:「在特定案件中,專家據以提出意見或推論之事實或資料,得為該專家在作證中或作證前所親身體驗或所知者。如一特別領域專家合理依賴某項事實或資料,對問題提出意見或推論時,該意見或推論之證據容許性並不以所依賴之事實或資料具證據容許性為必要。不具容許性之事實或資料,當事人不能向陪審團透露,除非法院認為其證據對於協助陪審團評估專家意見之價值遠超過偏見造成之影響」。最初有些聯邦法院法官對於1975 年聯邦證據法的解釋是幾乎所有聲稱科學的證據都提供給陪審團,而遭批評認為法院依據僅有些微真實的虛偽科學證據作決定。其後有些法院度逐漸採用嚴格的標準審查科學證據。

表1、佛萊法則與道伯測試法則之比較表
法則名稱
佛萊法則
道伯測試法則
核心內容
1. 佛萊法則所確立的檢驗科學證據容許性之「普遍接受」原則。
2. 適用佛萊法則時,必經的二道步驟(1)界定科學原則或發現的領域範圍。(2)科學原則或發現是否已獲該領域成員普遍接受?
專家資格證人,得以意見或其他方式作證,但應符合:
(1)證言係基於足夠的事實或資料。
(2)證言係依可信的原理與方法所獲得的結果。
(3)證言確係採用該原理與方法於本案事實。
遭遇困境
1. 科學原則或發現須要獲得該專門領域成員多少比率接受,才達到普遍接受的標準?
2. 批評佛萊法則的人亦認為該規則把法律應決定的問題交給科學家。
3. 使原告擔負不公平的舉證責任。
1. 鑑驗技術或方法誤差率多少可以被接受?發表於什麼期刊才算正式發表?
2. 若將「是否被證實」作為科學證據的必要條件,因為有些理論已經被觀察確認並普遍被接受,但無法以實驗證實(例如進化論),將產生有無容許性之疑義。
資料來源:作者自行彙整分析
佛萊法則依有無被該專門領域「普遍接受」作為判斷科學證據容許性的唯一標準應被推翻,科學證據若符合「相關性」(relevant)及「可信賴性」(reliable)二要件,就有容許性。聯邦最高法院並對專家證人提出科學證據時,就「可信賴性」建立新的標準如下:(1)該科學理論是否可被證實。(2)有無正式發表並被同儕審查。(3)誤差率多少。(4)是否被相關科學領域所普遍接受。亦即佛萊法則成為道伯測試法則四項裁量標準之一,因為上開四項標準中每一項標準都有解釋空間,例如誤差率多少可以被接受?發表於什麼期刊才算正式發表?且若將「是否被證實」作為科學證據的必要條件,因為有些理論已經被觀察確認並普遍被接受,但無法以實驗證實(例如進化論),將產生有無容許性之疑義。


參、張0仁命案之判決書分析~從證人、鑑定人、鑑定證人等三種不同角色觀察與評析
一、證人、鑑定人、鑑定證人等三種角色於刑事訴訟法之定義、任務釐清
證人,係指於刑事程序中,陳述自己對於系爭刑事案件之待證事實的見聞之訴訟第三人。證人其陳述稱為「證言」,屬於供述證據。鑑定人,係指擁有專門知識,輔助法院判斷特定證據問題之人。鑑定證人,係指依特別之專門知識而得知已往事實之人;亦即,陳述唯有具備特別之專門知識始能察覺、得知之過去事實或狀態之人,具有證人與鑑定人之雙重角色(林鈺雄,2006)。

表2、證人、鑑定人、鑑定證人等三種角色於刑事訴訟法之定義、任務比較表
比較項目
種類
定義
任務(義務)與功能(權利)
證人
係指於刑事程序中,陳述自己對於系爭刑事案件之待證事實的見聞之訴訟第三人。任何對於系爭案件之待證事實(包含直接事實、間接事實、輔助事實)有所見聞之自然人,原則均可視為證人。
一、證人之義務
(一)到場之義務
(二)具結之義務
(三)真實陳述義務
二、證人之拒絕證言權利
(一)因公務關係之拒絕證言
(二)因業務關係之拒絕證言
(三)因身分關係之拒絕證言
(四)因不自證己罪之拒絕證言
鑑定人
係指擁有專門知識,輔助法院判斷特定證據問題之人。例如,本案死者張○仁是否死於吸毒過量,必須擁有專業知識之法醫以科學鑑定方法進行生化檢驗,釐清死因;因此,該名法醫即為本案之鑑定人。
一. 幫助法院認定某個證據問題之法院輔助者,不能代替或越權法院之角色。
二. 鑑定人之鑑定意見,法院必須自主審查其是否符合科學檢驗之標準,即符合本文所強調「佛萊法則(Frye)」所確立的檢驗科學證據容許性之「普遍接受」原則。
三. 法院必須主動針對鑑定人之資格進行審查,即符合本文所強調「道伯測試法則(Daubert)」專家資格證人,其應符合:
(1)證言係基於足夠的事實或資料。
(2)證言係依可信的原理與方法所獲得的結果。
(3)證人確係採用該原理與方法於本案事實。

鑑定證人
係指依特別之專門知識而得知已往事實之人;亦即,陳述唯有具備特別之專門知識始能察覺、得知之過去事實或狀態之人,具有證人與鑑定人之雙重角色。例如,本案張○仁遭棄屍山區是否殺害死者之第一現場;現場勘察人員,可從棄屍現場各項跡證鑑識、現場重建進而綜合研判;因此,本案現場勘察人員即為本案鑑定證人。
鑑定證人,因同時具有「證人」與「鑑定人」之雙重角色;因此,其性質上屬於證人(具有不可替代性),故法庭上訊問程序適用證人程序。然其法庭陳述專業知識亦必須符合「佛萊法則(Frye)」所確立的檢驗科學證據容許性之「普遍接受」原則;及「道伯測試法則(Daubert)」專家資格證人之要求。

資料來源:作者自行彙整分析
二、案情摘要
民國92年8月20日上午10時30分許,路人萬孟徹行經台南縣新化鎮產業道路旁時發現車牌號碼8S─5361號自小客車停放該處,且有人陳屍在車上而報警處理。經警方鑑識組勘查採證發現張0仁躺臥車後座,頭朝右車門並靠臥於右後椅背上,右手靠在右前椅背上,左手被反壓於身體腰部下方,雙腳屈起於左後乘客座腳踏板上,雙手、腳、眼、嘴等部位均遭米黃色及黑色膠帶綑綁纏繞,臉部並沾滿含有大量血跡之衛生紙。
三、被告與其辯護人之無積極殺害死者之辯護理由
被告與其辯護人以被害人張○仁死亡前曾吸食毒品,曾給被害人張○仁吃大腸及放鬆膠布,放被害人張○仁生路,不料被害人張○仁因吸毒,無法解開而在新化陳屍處窒息死亡云云等辯護理由,彙整如表3、4。

表3、無積極殺害死者之辯護理由攻防重點表
被告/
辯護人
辯護理由
攻防重點
被告A
1. 與被害人張○仁第二次交易海洛因時,被害人張○仁以少量海洛因粉末滲入大量葡萄糖粉,花了三萬元購買一錢半之海洛因,經施用後發現該毒品嚴重造假;
2. 伊要的是大錢,並不是小錢,至於被害人張○仁給的十二萬元是之前他賣假毒品賠償的錢;
3. 我不是向他勒索,是叫他還錢,也不是故意殺人,我要放他走,他是窒息死亡云云。
無積極殺人之犯罪動機
辯護人A
1. 被害人張○仁被棄置時並未死亡,且取下手銬換上膠帶,以利被害人張○仁脫困。
2. 死因有究明之必要;臺南縣新化鎮九層嶺究竟為棄屍現場或死亡地點應予究明;
3. 曾餵食被害人毒品,但未鑑驗出毒藥物反應,應另行鑑定;
4. 被告A既在8S─5361自小客車上搜得毒品,則被告顯無擄人之意;
5. 法務部法醫研究所僅認定被害人張○仁死亡之時間係在膠布纏繞半小時內,並未認定在何處死亡,公訴人以該報告認定被害人張○仁死於癸○○住處,顯無依據;
6. 被告A並無置被害人張○仁於死之意思,否則大可以手槍為之,何需以木棒毆打被害人張○仁,另死亡原因為以膠帶纏繞窒息致死,應由該纏繞膠帶之人負責云云。
無積極殺人與擄人勒贖之犯罪動機
被告B
1. 與被告A搭載被害人張○仁至新化九層嶺,不知道被害人張○仁已死,原本是要放他走的,不知道為何他會死,不是故意的。
無積極殺人之犯罪動機
辯護人B
1. 一般擄人勒贖案件均由犯嫌與被害人家屬洽談贖金、約定交款地點,本案並未約定,僅係經被害人張○仁告知需款十二萬元並於大社之香腸攤交付。
2. 一般擄人勒贖案件多以富豪或其家屬為對象,被害人張○仁非富豪,不可能以其為對象並僅索取十二萬元。
無積極殺人與擄人勒贖之犯罪動機
資料來源:作者自行彙整分析

表4、死者致死原因鑑定與現場勘察/重建結果表
鑑定機構
鑑定結果
釐清疑點
法醫研究所
1. 毒品除非量不足驗不出來,不受時間限制。
2. 膽汁沒有檢查出來毒物反應,胸腔、腹腔也沒有發現。毒品六到十二個小時之後,會跑到膽汁內。
3. 沒有發現嚴重致命的外傷存在。
4. 兩個耳朵連線到下巴,有膠布纏繞痕跡。
5. 在鼻頭部位,較為蒼白,有被壓迫的痕跡,這是他呼吸道被阻塞的一個證據。
6. 胃內無內容物,死前狀況表示處於胃排空、飢餓的狀態。
7. 若有吃大腸,因為是糯米類,排空時間至少要四個小時以上。
8. 膠布纏繞的很密,一點空氣都沒有,五分鐘就會死亡。
9. 臉部有被纏繞痕跡,膠布被剪掉。
10. 口鼻有膠帶經過之痕跡,且出現組織壓迫之情形,須考量死者於被人綑綁時造成呼吸道阻塞死亡(悶死),加以解剖結果未見其他重大傷害,及毒藥物反應,更加證實此一可能性。故死因為呼吸道阻塞造成窒息死亡方式為他殺。
被害人張○仁死亡前曾吸食毒品與吃糯米類大腸之說,顯然不能成立,理由如下:
被害人張○仁屍體既無毒品反應,表示死亡前六小時內未吸毒;若有吸毒,係因用量極輕微,而無毒品反應,所以,被害人張○仁死亡前,意識清醒,並無因吸毒致意識不清之狀況存在。膠布纏繞口鼻很密,五分鐘就會死亡,膠布纏繞半小時內會死亡,吃糯米類大腸排空時間至少四小時以上,被害人張○仁早就因膠布纏繞口鼻而窒息死亡,根本沒有吃大腸。
台南縣警察局
新化鎮道路勘查被害人張○仁陳屍狀況與相片:
1. 眼睛、鼻子遭黃色膠帶綑綁,上方再以衛生紙貼金,嘴巴遭黃色、黑色兩種膠帶綑綁(內黃外黑),舌頭外吐(因鼻子被膠帶與衛生紙蓋住,照片上已無法看到鼻子)。
2. 雙手遭膠帶綑綁,右手放在右前椅背上,左手壓於身體腰部下方,兩手之間綑綁膠帶仍相互連接。
3. 雙腳有遭綑綁痕跡,且左腳踝部尚遺留綑綁之膠帶,另雙腳足背部有磨擦造成小傷口。
依照被害人張○仁上開陳屍情形,雙手遭膠帶反縛於背後,其如何能夠自行解脫膠帶,況且左手尚且被身體壓住;再者,被害人張○仁雙眼非但為米黃色膠帶所纏繞 ,且膠帶之上並由沾含有大量血液之衛生紙所被覆, 根本無法看見眼前景,衡諸常情,人之雙眼、雙手 及雙腳均遭綁住,一般人如何能夠自行脫困,實大 疑問。
資料來源:作者自行彙整分析
綜合表3、被告及其辯護人所提出「無積極殺人或擄人勒贖犯罪動機」之辯護理由,與表4、法醫研究所與台南縣警察局分別提出「死者致死原因鑑定與現場勘察/重建結果」,本案法醫研究所之法醫即擔任「鑑定人」之角色,而台南縣警察局現場勘察人員即擔任「鑑定證人」之角色;兩者之鑑定資格均需通過嚴格「佛萊法則(Frye)」所確立的檢驗科學證據容許性之「普遍接受」原則;及「道伯測試法則(Daubert)」專家資格證人之要求。然無須對被告有無刑法上之「責任能力」問題(刑§19I)或有無「積極殺人或擄人勒贖犯罪動機」進行辯駁,此與涉及法律評價之層次,不再是單純的事實認定、經驗法則或結論推衍,這屬於法院之職權(林鈺雄,2006)。

肆、結論與建議
「科學」與「法律」中的證據法則其實是不同的。有二個問題值得先予釐清,一是科學的不確定性,一是科學的不當使用。提出第一個問題是因為科學常常不能對法庭或其他之重大問題提供明確的答案,例如科學常無法成功的確定胎兒發育缺陷、癌症和其他疾病之發生原因;又科學上風險評估之不準確是很平常的,而其數據又都很複雜,訴訟參與人常各自持不同的解釋以尋求支持自己的立場(朱富美,2003)。
無論「鑑定人」或「鑑定證人」參與刑事訴訟過程中,均須通過「佛萊法則(Frye)」所確立的檢驗科學證據容許性之「普遍接受」原則;及「道伯測試法則(Daubert)」專家資格證人之要求。例如,本案法醫研究所就死者致死原因鑑定結果,第1點「毒品除非量不足驗不出來,不受時間限制」,從「道伯測試法則(Daubert)」深思與評析,究竟法醫研究所係使用何種型式儀器進行鑑驗?該型式儀器之偵測極限為何?需要多少重量之毒品所鑑驗出來結果才具有效度?又該種類毒品殘存於人體時間超過多久,會影響鑑驗結果之正確性?
回到「科學的不確定性」與「科學的不當使用」兩個層次思考「佛萊法則(Frye)」與「道伯測試法則(Daubert)」適用性,前例法醫研究所所使用儀器之偵測極限問題應屬於「科學的不確定性」層次;而未使用該學術領域認定之正確證物前處理方式,與型式儀器進行毒品鑑驗,係屬於「科學的不當使用」層次;因此,追求嚴謹鑑定標準作業流程、完備鑑定人員之認證制度,方可解決上述~科學的不確定性與不當使用問題。
從刑訴法第155條「證據之證明力,由法院本於確信自由判斷。但不得違背經驗法則及論理法則。」觀之,國家必須積極證明被告之犯罪事實,且達到無任何合理懷疑存在之程度,始足成立犯罪。「鑑定人」或「鑑定證人」於刑事訴訟程序上均不能越俎代庖執行「檢察官」與「法官」之權責。例如,本案法醫研究所就死者致死原因鑑定結果,第10點「口鼻有膠帶經過之痕跡,且出現組織壓迫之情形,須考量死者於被人綑綁時造成呼吸道阻塞死亡(悶死),加以解剖結果未見其他重大傷害,及毒藥物反應,更加證實此一可能性。故死因為呼吸道阻塞造成窒息死亡方式為他殺。」本案負責解剖法醫同時兼具「鑑定人」與「證人」雙重角色之「鑑定證人」,然其法定權責僅限縮於「專門知識陳述」,是否能進一步推論致死原因為「他殺」,恐怕需要再商榷。因此,鑑定人或鑑定證人,就鑑定事項陳述「專門知識」時,應限縮於呈現證據之原貌、使用鑑定之方法,儘量不去越權到法官之自主的證據評價。

參考文獻
朱富美(2003),科學鑑定與刑事偵查〜以人身為主,國立台灣大學法律學研究所博士論文。
呂文忠(2006),DNA證據在刑事案件運用之實證研究〜以台北、士林、板橋地方法院訴訟轄區為例,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
蔡銘書(2000),科學證據之研究,國立台北大學法律研究所碩士論文。
吳巡龍,新刑事訴訟制度與證據法則,學林文化事業有限公司,2003年9月。
林鈺雄,刑事訴訟法,元兆出版有限公司,2006年9月
臺灣臺南地方法院92年度重訴字第33號刑事判決書

[1] 范兆興,中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所刑事司法組博士生,現任高雄市政府警察局警務員(通訊作者,聯絡電話0922-862-538,地址台南縣佳里鎮光復路127巷12-38號)
[2] 程志強,中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所偵查科學組博士生,現任台北縣政府警察局警務員
[3] 施宇峰,中正大學犯罪防治研究所博士生,現任內政部警政署警務正

保險詐欺之偵查策略

保險詐欺之偵查策略

程志強[1](Chih-Chiang, Cheng)、范兆興[2](Chao-Hsing, Fan)、施宇峰[3](Yu-Feng, Shih)




目次
壹、問題背景
貳、保險詐欺與保險犯罪兩者差異
參、保險詐欺偵查策略之相關文獻
肆、建構國內保險詐欺犯罪模式
伍、結論與建議

關鍵詞:保險詐欺(insurance fraud)、保險犯罪(insurance crime)










壹、緒論
詐欺是屬於經濟犯罪的一種,法律刑責本來就不重,對於歹徒起不了嚴重的嚇阻作用,加上詐欺有著被人認為是一種「智慧型犯罪」的錯覺,所以使得詐欺案件不但無法減少,犯罪的手段及技術更在相互模仿之下,更加的精進,歹徒的思慮也更加細膩,而難以破解,造成現今詐騙集團的橫行。
近年來在景氣低迷、失業率攀升、利率走低的壓力及環境之下,人身保險詐欺的件數不但有日益增加的趨勢,而且詐欺之金額也越見高漲,不但保險公司的經營風險相對增加,也破壞了全體保險人分擔風險及被公平保障的權益。而涉及保險公司的詐欺案件,只要不違反法律的規範,保險公司僅能消極的以解除契約作為處理,犯罪者用盡心思,鑽法律的漏洞,換間公司、換個型態,捲土重來。
根據美國2002年針對2,000人所作的一項電話訪問結果顯示,47%的人「無法排除將來不會申請不實的理賠」,這表示將近半數的人,會想要申請不實的理賠;若有出險時,會想要多申請一些理賠;此外,還有7%的人承認,曾有過詐欺理賠經驗。
前財政部保險司副司長高福源指出,保險詐欺的金額,依國外長期理賠實務經驗,有人會依保險理賠金額的一成左右去推估,美國、歐洲如此,台灣、大陸也這麼估,以2006年台灣地區產壽險理賠總金額高達5千億元估算,則國內1年保險詐欺金額可能約5百億元(如表1)。從過去警方偵辦保險詐欺的案例中發現,其不僅涉及詐欺罪,也可能與殺人、傷害、公共危險、偽造文書、背信等刑事犯罪有關,對於社會治安也造成相當程度的危害。
根據美國國家保險委員協會( National Association of Insurance Commission)及保險業集團所做之調查,美國保險業每年大約花費一百億以上美元在保險詐欺的支付上,國際保險詐欺協會統計資料揭露,美國保險公司失卻清償能力之家數約有百分之十係保險詐欺所引起。由此可見,保險詐欺問題之嚴重性。
世界各國對於保險詐欺都會有蒐證不易、定罪率不高的通病,因為心存不軌人士會利用低保費、高保額的保險商品,進行「以小搏大」的賭局,如果成功,獲利豐厚;若不成功,損失的保費也有限。因此有人說:保險詐欺利潤最高、風險最低。
台灣地區人身保險詐欺的案件層出不窮的,從早年的金手指形態,殘害被保險人身體的模式,演進犯罪模式為聘僱殺手行兇、圖謀保險受益金。例如2006年臺東縣民李○全、李○安兄弟為詐領保險金,欲製造火車出軌事故、並使其妻陳氏○琛死亡以向保險公司詐領保險金。又如2006年經營計程車行的許○珅,涉嫌與兩名員工胡○正、林○偉合謀,透過在大陸廈門經營小三通票務的張○清安排,由胡、林二人與中國女子假結婚,再製造兩人在中國「溺斃」假象,企圖詐領新台幣一億元保險金。因此,實有必要針對台灣地區保險詐欺之犯罪手法類型、犯罪模式演進等議題,進行深入了解,此為研究動機之ㄧ。
自1999年立委林○興、邱○仁所經營的醫院,涉嫌勾結病患,以假住院方式詐領健保費,不法所得約1億9千萬元。由本案可觀察保險詐欺之犯罪模式,有走向集團化、組織化,及專業化的趨勢,嫌犯從投保之初即進行一連串精密策劃與安排,當事故發生後,保險公司縱使懷疑可能涉及詐欺,但多因為證據取得困難,不得已而給付保險金。保險公司在考量損失率後,其結果將藉提高保費以為因應,受害者終究是絕大多數善良的保險消費者。如何降低保險公司損害率,進而保障多數民眾的權益,此為研究動機之二。
社會科學研究之目的,在於正確描述、解釋及預測社會現象,但因概念之界定不易,且研究所發現之「通則」中仍存有諸多「特例」現象及發現,解釋之困難便可想而知,因此,以刑事案件為研究之課題,我們必須重視犯罪黑數的問題,而犯罪黑數產生之主因-刑事司法程序的損耗。
刑事案件之發生時間至為重要,就此而言,國內對於保險詐欺刑案統計之分類、分析,尚無法呈現這項犯罪嚴重性。而且各家保險公司對於因保險詐欺而理賠的案件數、損失金額,亦無建立詳細統計數據,可供學者研究進而防堵類似案件繼續嚴重化。本文期盼能在國內重視治安的關鍵時刻,研究、建立此類案件本土性研究的典範,供實務界及學術界參酌,此為研究動機之三。
表1 1998年至2005年保險賠款或付給金額 單位:億元
年/月
總計
保險類型
財產保險賠款
人身保險付給
1998
2,278
484
1,794
1999
2,273
702
2,071
2000
2,743
501
2,242
2001
3,274
676
2,598
2002
3,358
473
2,886
2003
4,399
496
3,903
2004
5,328
522
4,806
2005
5,647
659
4,988
資料來源:行政院金融監督管理委員會

本文根據上述研究動機,從警察機關偵查作為出發,探求保險詐欺案件犯罪因子、被害因子、犯案過程與影響調查的關鍵因素,以個案研究、深度訪談、問卷調查等方式蒐集資料,訪談樣本包括辦案之警察、保險詐欺犯罪集團主嫌及共犯及保險業者。經彙整資料後,加以分析比較及相互印證,以研擬出具體結論與建議,研究架構圖詳如圖1。
保險詐欺
之偵查策略研究
專責偵辦保險詐欺
警察人員
重大保險詐欺犯罪
個案與犯罪
集團成員
保險公司
專責理賠
部門成員
1. 警察偵查技術
2. 現場勘察流程
3. 鑑識科技
4. 刑案統計分析
5. 資料庫
1犯罪手法
2集團成員背景分析
3集團結夥犯案歷程
4成功詐取保險金之技巧
1. 保險公司內部稽核機制
2. 保險公司與警方互相配合模式
3. 結論與修法建議

貳、保險詐欺與保險犯罪兩者差異

我國法院46台上260判決曾定義「詐欺」為:「所謂以詐術使人交付,必須被詐欺人因其詐術而陷於錯誤…」。本文認為「保險詐欺」即投保人、被保險人或者受益人以非法取得保險金為目的,違反保險法規定,故意捏造虛假情況或歪曲掩蓋真相,誇大損失程度或故意製造保險事故,向保險單位騙取保險金的詐欺行為,亦即利用保險契約犯罪,造成保險公司的負擔,使自己或是第三者獲得不法利益的詐欺犯罪行為;另外,而保險公司的工作人員利用職務之便,故意編造未曾發生的保險事故進行虛假理賠,騙取保險金亦保險詐欺之ㄧ種。
學者簡美惠(2002),曾對「保險詐欺」與「保險犯罪」二詞定義,重新釐清概念,如表2所示:
表2 學者對「保險詐欺」與「保險犯罪」兩者定義彙整表
保險詐欺
l 「指實施詐術,騙取保險金之犯罪。」(林山田,1987)
l 「指某人故意使用虛假信息以不公正或非法的企圖獲得保險金的行為。」(陳榮ㄧ,1993)
l 「實施詐術,濫用保險制度以謀取不法利益或財物的行為。」(鄭丰宓,1996)
l 「包括以犯罪手法欺騙保險公司使其相信發生意外或損失者」(劉政明,1996)
l 「以不正的方法使相對人發生錯誤,而謀取與該保險契約有關利益的行為。」(張雍制,1998)
l 「施詐術,濫用保險制度,以獲取財物或其他財產上不法利益之行為。」(甘添貴,2000)
l 「是指要保人、被保險人、或受益人故意捏造虛假情況,或歪曲、掩蓋真實狀況,誇大損失程度,或故意製造保險事故欲騙取保險金的行為;而保險公司的工作人員利用職務之便利,故意編造未發生的保險事故進行虛假理賠,騙取保險金的行為亦同。」(李添福,2002)
l 「行為人利用保險制度,對於他方施用詐術之行為。」(簡美慧,2002)
保險犯罪
u 「企圖以保險給付的方式,使犯人或第三者得到不法利益的一切可罰行為。」(蕭文華,1980)
u 「以不法方法詐騙保險金的犯罪行為。」(林山田,1987)
u 「謀取不法利益或財物,濫用保險制度所為之詐欺行為及其他併發犯罪。」(鄭丰宓,1996)
u 「行為人以犯罪手段破壞保險制度原則之行為。」(簡美慧,2002)

因此,研究者多半認為「保險詐欺」的指涉範圍無法涵蓋全部的「保險犯罪」;相反的,「保險犯罪」也無法涵蓋全部的「保險詐欺」。保險詐欺/保險犯罪的定義與概念雖然莫衷一是,但是在個別研究者的研究脈絡之中,對於詞義的深入區辨仍不無助益。然本文目的不在於確認詞義,而在於對詐領保險金案件中不同類型的犯罪,進行比較與分析。故為了方便起見,將使用「保險詐欺」一詞作為涵蓋。並針對「保險詐欺」進行操作性定義:
即投保人、被保險人或者受益人以非法取得保險金為目的,違反保險法規定,故意捏造虛假情況或歪曲掩蓋真相,誇大損失程度或故意製造保險事故,向保險單位騙取保險金的詐欺行為,亦即利用保險契約犯罪,造成保險公司的負擔,使自己或是第三者獲得不法利益的詐欺犯罪行為;而保險公司的工作人員利用職務之便,故意編造未曾發生的保險事故進行虛假理賠,騙取保險金亦同。

參、保險詐欺調查策略之相關文獻

美國保險犯罪局(National Insurance Crime Bureau)之保守估計,保險業因保險詐欺所導致的損失,根據市場以已發生之案件為基礎作進行預測,估算整體業界之損失數額,及相關分析所得之結論:經鑑定詐欺賠款,其數額佔整體賠款總額的百分之五,ㄧ般推論,實際的保險詐欺可能的數額可能佔百分之十以上,且此趨勢有增加之傾向。國界已經不是保險詐欺犯罪者在進行交易的障礙。他們活動的足跡遍及歐洲、南美、北非以及東亞各國。由於他們所採取的詐欺手段日趨成熟,使得必須加倍的努力調查方能如願的偵破。
保險詐欺損失之確實數目係高於或低於估計數,並非重點所在,關鍵點在應該在於保險詐欺之損失與其他經濟價值之關係。眾多保險公司给付詐欺的賠款大於給股東及保户之紅利,才是重點所在。王正偉(1999)認為在傷害險中,除故意引致事故、事故狀況捏造、及事故情況誇大及詐騙外,壽險附加傷害險中,亦常見變更資料欲圖高額保險金及治療期間不當拖延案件為多。變更資料以診斷書塗改偽造或以已停業證明書之變造,最為常見。治療期間不當拖延,在意外傷害醫療費用方面,亦常見意圖取得較多的保險金,而故意不按時吃藥、未依醫生之指示靜養治療或故意拖延治療時程以謀取高額醫療補助等不當行為。
簡美慧(2002)整理我國法院有關保險詐欺的判決,從調查角度對人身與財產保險詐欺案件加以歸納,並標示出各類型的特徵與防制建議。她依契約存續過程,將保險詐欺劃分為
(一)契約締結階段;
(二)事故發生階段;
(三)理賠階段可能發生的態樣。
對於重大案件如自殘、自殺、殺害被保險人等案件之研究,認為被保險人往往利用超額保險或複保險的投保行動作為保險詐欺的初步手段,保險公司在面對各種投保標的時,採取嚴謹的查證態度,惟不變的應變方針。
因此,簡美慧對刑期最重的「殺害被保險人」案件的防制建議,如後:
(一)在理賠階段中,若被保險人有他殺嫌疑時,應等待司法調查結果;(二)死者係死亡保險契約之被保險人,而保險金額又高,檢警之調查過程中,應留意被保險人之死因是否與保險金有關」至於理賠階段「利用他人之屍體」案件,她則建議「於相驗過程,應確實查核死者之人別資料,有疑義時,應透過指紋比對或DNA鑑定方式查證。」
保險業界對保險詐欺的研究重點在找出疑似案件的異常表徵。所謂的異常表徵常被稱為「危險因子」(risk factors),或被稱為「指標」(indicators),也有被稱為「特徵」(characteristics)者。雖然名稱莫衷一是,但其內涵均意指:保險公司審查理賠案件時,若該理賠案件符合某些指標,則合理懷疑其可能為保險詐欺,並指示進一步的調查策略。
李添福(2002)對人壽保險詐欺的專論中提及之疑似保險詐欺之異常表徵整理如下:
一、被保險人索賠行為的特徵:
(一) 迴避正常的理賠處理程序,先向保險公司之高級主管報備。
(二) 索賠態度謙卑近乎乞求;或透過熟人打聽案件狀況;或擺出先聲奪人得氣勢。
(三) 被保險人利用輿論、媒體將自己扮演成受害者,引起社會同情。
二、理賠過程的特徵:
(一) 投保理賠金額高且保費較低的險種。
(二) 發生個人的財務困難。
(三) 熟悉保險公司的理賠作業流程。
(四) 高額詐欺比較可能是臨時起意;中低保額詐欺比較可能是常業詐欺。
(五) 教育程度良好。
(六) 短期間內主動向多家公司投保高保額保險。
(七) 投保後不久即發生事故,且事故發生於國外落後地區。
大陸學者鄭美琴(2004)專門研究大陸地區保險詐欺之犯罪問題時,亦發現大陸近年經濟發展迅速,伴隨而來保險詐欺案件遽增,已引起當局重視;其個人從保險人角度,就保險詐欺提出解決之道,如後:
一、 保險公司與被保險人發生理賠爭執時,應多尋求科學技術來鑑定系爭證據,並明文規定於保險契約。
二、 保險理賠技術化,訴訟必須重視科學證據;如果保險公司擁有自己法庭科學專家,或是與法庭科學研究機構之鑑定專家建立合作關係,將有效降低保險詐欺案件之發生。
另外,鄭美琴針對屬於民事訴訟範疇之保險理賠系爭案件,提出個人看法,如後:因民事訴訟需證明主要對象(客體)之法律要件複雜、多樣化,舉證責任並不像刑事訴訟完全落在檢方(代表國家追訴犯罪之當事人)。因此,參照大陸民事訴訟法第64條規定:「當事人對自己提出的主張,有責任提供證據」;因此,保險公司與被保險人應針對系爭理賠案件各自擔負舉證責任,各自表述自己觀點與意見,並就對方提出證據進行交互詰問,以維護自己利益。這樣舉證制度與美國保險之鑑定條款(appraisal clause)精神相似,所謂鑑定條款亦即保險公司與被保險人對理賠系爭案件有爭執時,雙方可以各選擇一位合格且無利害關係之公正鑑定人,就所主張證據進行辯論。
鄭美琴進一步對保險公司與被保險人進行民事訴訟時,兩肇舉證責任分配比例如何分配,說明如後:(一)凡主張權利或法律關係存在之當事人,只需對產生權利或法律關係的特別要件事實(如訂立契約、遺囑等)擔負舉證責任、(二)凡主張已發生的權利或法律關係變更與消滅的當事人,只需就存在變更與消滅之特別要件事實(如變更契約的補充協議、修改遺囑、債務免除等)擔負舉證責任。
亦有學者林秉耀(2005)以風險管理模式可以防制保險詐欺之損失,各種風險管理對策運用,如下:
(一) 風險自承原則:對規模小、影響層面小的保險詐欺案件,列為「堪忍的詐欺」,予以承受,以節省相關的查證經費。
(二) 風險規避原則:建立「防範保險詐欺查核表」,在進行核保、理賠作業時嚴格查核,積極避開保險詐欺風險。
(三) 風險分散原則:針對損失頻率低、損失幅度大的案件採取同業共保的方式;對損失頻率高、損失幅度小的案件採取約定自負額方式承保,以分散風險。
(四) 風險轉嫁原則:約集保險同業成立相互保險組織,把保險詐欺所帶來的風險移轉給相互保險組織。
肆、建構國內保險詐欺案件之犯罪模式

我國保險市場而言,保險詐欺之問題向來未受到重視,亦無完整統計資料可供參考,事實上,保險詐欺在我國亦屬常見,在壽險市場上,違反據實說明義務及複保險糾紛經常涉及道德危險。另外,在產險市場上,漁船險、海上貨物險及汽車保險之異常理賠亦所在多有,造成損失率偏高,此種現象不容忽視。保險詐欺獲利頗高,尤其在經濟不景氣時,成長甚速,危及保險公司之經營。社會大眾的觀念中,多認為保險詐欺是可以原諒的行為,而忽略了保險詐欺所產生之損害。社會大眾認為保險詐欺與自己的利益無關,僅屬於保險公司方面的損失而已,甚至認為投保多年繳交高額保費而未發生事故,保險詐欺的行為不過為拿回自己所繳交的保費,無可厚非。
此外,對於保險公司所擁有龐大資產,係為自己所繳交之保險費緣故,社會大眾除了認為拿回已繳交保險費並無不當,保險公司並不會因為小小的詐欺而減少財富。也就是說,保險公司的資產,已經造成社會大眾不平衡之心態。對於保險詐欺的行為,若為小額理賠之案件,保險公司基於社會形象之維護,涉及民事訴訟則多半採取和解方式,甚至還有賠錢了事之舉動,以避免社會大眾對其留下負面之印象。
本文認為保險詐欺有以下犯罪特性:
(一) 保險詐欺為所有犯罪行為中風險最低,利潤最大者。
(二) 保險詐欺為白領階級犯罪行為中最有利可圖者。
(三) 保險詐欺之結果,將加重所有保險人之保費負擔。
(四) 司法單位迄今對保險詐欺仍無有效方法加以防制。
因此,本文搜尋國內近十年有關保險詐欺之案例,歸納其常見犯罪模式如後:
一、買兇殺夫和養女
民國92年7月24日,嘉義縣義竹鄉女子陳○蘭為了詐領保險金,竟夥同其他男子以製造假車禍的方式,加害丈夫與養女,嘉義地方法院宣判,法官以陳○蘭惡性重大,依連續殺人罪判處死刑;至於殺手林○富與張○興則被判處無期徒刑。判決書指出,陳○蘭與死者翁○旺是夫妻關係,翁○旺於民國85年間向壽險公司投保終身壽險,受益人是陳○蘭。陳○蘭以新台幣150萬元代價,分別僱用男子林○富與張○興,利用黑夜翁○旺熟睡之際進行狙殺,結果不僅翁○旺命喪槍下,連睡在同一個房間內的十歲養女也成為槍下冤魂,在地方上引起震撼。

二、詐保縱火燒死孕妻
民國90年8月27日凌晨,嘉義縣六腳鄉一處民宅發生火警,回家探視父母之孕婦蘇○○喪生於娘家臥室床上,造成一屍兩命之慘劇。案發數日後,死者家屬得知林○○於警方筆錄時,曾供出替蘇○○投保800萬元意外險,並出面接洽意外保險金受益事宜,且林○○於火警前又非常巧合因肚痛至北港媽祖醫院就醫,家屬因而起疑向檢方要求重驗遺體。檢察官會同法醫師解剖屍體並採集血液、胃內容物、火災現場瓷杯內牛乳送驗,結果均含有呈第二級毒品伽瑪-羥基丁酸(簡稱GHB)陽性反應;而火災現場客廳內搜得棉被包裹吸收物水樣品、火災現場臥室床上死者頸部下衣服樣品,送中國石油公司分析發現含有丙酮成分;警方及消防人員採集現場殘留物品送驗,亦陸續在火災現場發現黏有排炮及引線之拖鞋、排炮、牛皮紙條等物品。案情急轉直下,由原來的意外死亡朝向縱火命案。檢察官偵查終結以殺人罪求處死刑,經嘉義地方法院一審判處死刑確定,而林○○迄今仍未領得任何保險金。

三、陳○欽連續殺人案
陳○欽是在74年,和育有張○志的王淑嬰結婚,並收養張○志,改名陳○志。77年4月21日晚間,陳○志於補習後,回嘉義縣水上鄉下寮村住處,陳○欽問他遲誤返家的原因時,陳○志態度不佳,陳瑞欽要打他時,閃躲不慎摔傷。陳○志後來被母親送到嘉義市林綜合醫院加護病房,陳○欽因簽賭需錢孔急,利用照顧兒子的機會,抬起兒子的後腦撞牆,致其併發腦幹血腫死亡,並詐領到保險金六萬元。 陳○欽與被他殺死的前妻曾○霞,生有兒子陳○宏,因在84年7月28日發生車禍,陳○欽與妻子王○嬰,將兒子送到嘉義市基督教醫院治療後出院。8月3日凌晨,陳○欽在家中發現兒子書寫「要加入不良幫派組織、殺人放火」的字條。陳○欽看到後盛怒,拿起家中重約一台斤的雅石,擊中兒子的後腦不治,並謊稱兒子是搭乘朋友機車摔倒死亡,並向保險公司詐領472萬餘元保險金得逞。
四、圖利縱火案件
以彭○○圖利型縱火集團為例,該集團係以主嫌彭○○為首,成員至少26 人以上之龐大縱火犯罪集團,該集團自89年起陸續以低價承購倒閉或經營不善之商店,並向保險業者投保鉅額火災保險後,進行縱火再向保險公司詐領保險金。短短3年已犯下18件以上之保險詐欺案件。總詐騙金額高6億8000餘萬元。其個案作案地點,遍及基隆、台北、宜蘭、桃園、苗栗、嘉義及台南等縣市。
 五、立委林○興、邱○仁詐領健保費
台南檢方調查立委林○興及邱○仁所經營的醫院涉及勾結病患,用假住院詐領健保費,依常業詐欺等罪嫌對30多名被告提起公訴。其中,檢方對立委林○興、邱○仁兩人各求刑5年,褫奪公權七年,另外林進興的女友劉淑仲則被求刑3年,至於其它的涉案人分別求處3到4年的有期徒刑,在檢方的調查中,四家涉案的醫院,至少詐領3億5千萬的健保費,而且目前檢方還掌握到十多家醫院,在以相同的模式犯案,正持續追查中。


歸納上述案例,建構國內保險詐欺犯罪模式圖,如圖2




犯罪計畫形成
勾結保險業者
挑選被害者
投保大量保險
詐領保險金
圖2 國內保險詐欺犯案模式圖

伍、結論與建議

自十四世紀初義大利有了最初的保險萌芽以來,西方國家的保險制度已經歷經幾百年的變革;反觀我國保險制度遲至二十世紀方從西方引進,保險走向市場化、普及化迄今才短短二十幾年光景,不成熟是自然現象,跌跌撞撞亦在所難免。保險詐欺之監控與抑制,主要仍賴於保險業者之積極態度,故美國大型保險公司多設有相關部門,專門負責保險詐欺之調查與處理,並積極加入防制組織並協助執法單位來對抗此一犯罪。在治安及保險監理機構方面,以紐約州為例,保險監理廳設有美國保險犯罪局(Insurance Crime Bureau)是由若干美國保險公司共同組設之單位,採私人及非營利方式經營,其任務為依照保險人所提供資料,經實地明查暗訪蒐集資料得具體證據,提出訴訟。
保險犯罪局認為如果保險人能將每一索賠人及每一保單持有人之全部資料,儲存於中央資料庫,若被保險人投保若干相同保險,或是向不同保險人索取相同的損失,或是意外事故頻繁,由資料庫可顯示出異常情形。參與共享資料庫的保險人越多,則此類詐欺案件偵破的機會越高。倘若每家保險人參與資料庫,則詐欺者利用資訊不對稱之優勢,詐取保險金的機會也愈低。
此外,在美國「汽車竊盜及保險詐欺之重要州立法」提供免責條款予保險人或其他與州保險部門或法律執行機構之間,依誠信原則交換資訊之保障。個人或組織因此可免於不公平交易訴訟,而防止其透露保險給付請求資訊時所造成不利之情況。有些州以概括法條適用於所有類別的保險,其他州則只限於適用汽車保險詐欺。
針對保險詐欺之防制策略,依美國保險資訊機構所出版之「對隱藏性犯罪-打擊保險詐欺之國家藍圖」,提出對抗保險詐欺之必要工作分為下列四項,可供我國相關單位借鏡:
一、公眾教育及宣導活動
保險業在公眾教育及宣導活動上,對於有關保險詐欺之有罪判決及其犯罪陰謀必須加以深入報導,如此始能讓社會大眾獲悉保險業已注意並參與保險詐欺之防制。
二、防制詐欺程序及訓練
在保險公司內部組織上,成立特別調查小組有其必要性。此外,對於理賠案件之分級及調查技術上,藉由過去累積之經驗以及專業知識,設計一套系統化、資訊交流化之程序,運用於偵查可疑之保險詐欺案例。
三、檔案資料
有關資料系統之建立,包含所有保險公司之所有保戶資料蒐集,藉由服務組織來進行。以美國保險服務團體(American Insurance Services Group)為例,及從事資料檔案之建立,進而提供各保險公司相關資訊之查詢。在檔案資料整理上,並著重於各理賠案件之處理情形,特別是有關保險詐欺者,使同業予以注意。
四、法律及其他鑑定規範
我國人壽保險,在保戶與保險公司雙方處於訊息不對稱的情況下,尤其買賣雙方認知的落差,保險爭議問題層出不窮。要減少或消彌紛爭,固然要著重事前招攬、服務、核保等工作之落實,而現行理賠作業的缺失,行政命令上的規範,保險單條款的內容,亦有極多地方待修正及改進。
在法律制訂之研究上,有關各保險公司間交換資訊之合法性,就其內容及範圍之限制,應以保險詐欺之防阻為目的考量,擬定出明確之規範。如對於有爭議保險理賠案件,應嚴格明確規範申請鑑定程序、鑑定報告標準化;並就鑑定報告內容進行實質審查,全面紀錄鑑定過程、鑑定方法,以供其他專業鑑定機構可就系爭之處覆驗。
五、壽險公司對於保險詐欺犯罪集團未來防制建議,如後:
(一) 擴大通報制度範圍及建立理賠通報制度;
(二) 由核保端篩檢犯罪集團成員;
(三) 設計新商品及修正保單條款內容;
(四) 定期進行理賠異常統計分析;
(五) 與檢警單位保持密切合作;
(六) 建立海外聯繫及調閱相關文件管道。

參考書目
簡美慧(2002),從我國法院判決論保險詐欺之樣態、成因、特徵與防制之道,台灣大學法律研究所碩士論文
鄭丰密(1996),論保險詐欺之刑事責任,中興大學法律研究所碩士論文
韋俊青(2005),我國人身保險詐欺集團犯罪及壽險公司防制對策之研究,淡江大學保險學系碩士論文
王得民(2005),人壽保險理賠爭議之研究,國防管理學院法律研究所碩士論文
林秉耀(2005),從風險管理與犯罪預防觀點論保險詐欺之防制,政治大學經營管理研究所碩士論文
李添福(2002),剖析保險詐欺成因及防制對策,壽險季刊,125,72-73
鄭美琴(2004),保險案例評析,北京:中國經濟出版社
許謹良(2005),保險產品創新,上海:上海財經大學出版社
黃維智(2006),鑑定證據制度研究,北京:中國檢察出版社
美國國家保險犯罪局之網站:www.nicb.org
保險事業發展中心的網站:www.iiroc.org.tw



[1] 程志強,中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所碩士,現任台北縣政府警察局警務員
[2] 范兆興,中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所刑事司法組博士生,現任台北市政府警察局警務員
[3] 施宇峰,中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所碩士,現任內政部警政署警務正

可攜式數位顯微照相機在刑案現場工具痕跡之應用

可攜式數位顯微照相機在刑案現場工具痕跡之應用
蔡俊章1、溫哲彥2、羅時強3、范兆興4、
余秋忠5*、林明鋒6、王喬立7、程志強8

1高雄市政府警察局
2中央警察大學鑑識科學學系
3-7高雄市政府警察局刑事鑑識中心
8台北縣政府警察局刑事鑑識中心
E-mail: *yucc@kmph.gov.tw; Tel: 07-2514867

摘要
在刑案現場,工具痕跡往往都會存在歹徒破壞之物上,由於各類刑案犯罪工具之差異性,造成工具痕跡是竊盜案現場最常見的痕跡之一。竊盜犯利用工具(如鉗子、鐵橇、螺絲起子等)破壞鐵窗、門鎖、抽屜及保險箱後侵入竊取財物,並重覆地使用相同的工具再次犯案,因此,這些工具痕跡將成為重要的關連性證據。工具痕跡具有出現機率高、易發現、易採取、不易消失或破壞、立體感強等特點,可供以研判犯罪手法、犯罪歷程、案件真偽及工具種類等,根據工具痕跡比對結果,刑案偵查人員將可關連不同地方之竊盜案件,提昇竊盜案件破案數。
然而,工具痕跡的形成是作用力、工具和被破壞客體等共同作用的結果,易因作用力方向、工具和被破壞客體的材質特性而具有多變性及複雜性,本文將探討利用可攜式數位顯微照相技術採取刑案現場工具痕跡之可行性,並讓現場勘察人員能迅速且有效地採集刑案現場工具痕跡,以利刑事鑑識人員鑑定及提昇刑案偵破數。

關鍵字:工具痕跡、顯微照相、線形痕跡、影像融合

前言
在刑案鑑定上,工具痕跡屬於非常重要的關連性證據,經由工具痕跡的鑑定,犯罪工具與刑案現場或各案刑案現場之間都可緊密關連在一起。李昌鈺博士指出,任何一個犯罪嫌疑人的行為都會導致刑案現場各項微物跡證的變化,刑案偵查人員透過這些變化分析及研判,就可以辨識案件的基本情況,證明犯罪事實,證明犯罪嫌疑人與案件之關係,而工具痕跡則是微物跡證中最不易被破壞且可達個化程度之跡證。然而,工具痕跡具有廣泛性和複雜性,若無一套便利的採取工具協助刑事鑑識人員減少人力採集之困難,這些工具痕跡將持續被遺忘與忽略在刑案現場裡。
工具痕跡是指運用工具破壞某種物體時所留下的痕跡,它是工具表面結構的映像。在刑案現場中,通常都會發現工具痕跡的蹤跡,特別是在竊盜案現場,根據犯罪工具與被破壞物表面的接觸差異而產生線形痕跡或凹陷痕跡等二種型態。在本文中,我們將以現場線形痕跡作為主要的研究對象,因為目前它是最耗損人力比對鑑定的痕跡種類,當工具以不同的角度接觸被破壞物表面時,將會產生不同的線形痕跡,因此,鑑定人員常需測試不同角度的工具痕跡型態。以螺絲起子(screwdriver)為例,鑑定人員必須根據每面痕跡製作最少4種不同角度的測試痕跡(test marks),所有的測試痕跡都必須和現場痕跡進行比對。
根據內政部警政署各類刑案統計結果,94年度發生刑案555109件,其中竊盜案件發生328154件,佔59.11百分比,顯見竊盜案件仍佔全般刑案大多數。當歹徒清楚知道侵害被害人財物時應戴手套以避免留下指紋時,在刑案現場採集到歹徒指紋已成為越來越無法達成的夢想,然而,歹徒為達侵入或使被害人無法反抗之目的,勢必藉助工具以破壞保全設備(如鐵窗、門鎖等),在破壞過程中,工具表面結構痕跡將紀錄在現場被破壞物上,刑事鑑識人員藉由工具痕跡鑑定,可判斷犯罪工具種類、現場的真偽、犯罪的手法、歹徒可能從事的職業與特質,從而分析案情、確定和縮小偵查範圍,採取必要的偵查借施,關連工具與刑案現場、工具與歹徒之關係,讓歹徒無所卸責。
由於工具痕跡易因施力角度、材質等問題,造成鑑定比對上的困難,其與槍彈上工具痕跡具有高再現性不同,因此,如何有效率地將現場工具痕跡數位化及儲存,供日後客觀的統計分析使用,此舉將可大幅提高刑案現場勘察人員採取工具痕跡之意願。

實驗方法
一、 儀器設備:
1.顯微照相機:
本實驗利用X-Loupe G20 可攜式顯微鏡相機(如照片1)拍攝刑案現場工具痕跡,並與macro鏡頭拍攝之工具痕跡作比較。

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
照片1:X-Loupe G20 可攜式顯微鏡相機(a)正面照、(b)背面照、(c)頂部照、(d)底部照。
2.可更換式顯微物鏡:
適用X-Loupe G20 可攜式顯微鏡相機之可更換式顯微物鏡分別為60X、150X、300X,解像力(Resolution)分別為90.5、181及228 lp/mm,均具有8顆低角度LED燈,可切換不同光源方向。
3.近攝鏡頭:Canon EF 100 mm F2.8 macro。
4.球型雲台:利用球型雲台迅速且粗略地將鏡頭調整與拍攝面平行。
5.雙向微調雲台:UN-5694可左右55mm及前後50mm微調,適用於微距攝影,如照片2所示。
照片2:UN-5694雙向微調雲台。

二、數位影像處理:
1.影像融合(image fusion):
由於工具痕跡屬於立體痕跡,不同角度的光源對於工具痕跡的建檔品質有著決定性影響,如照片3所示,不同角度的光源已明顯造成紋線顯現的差異,(a)10點鐘方向側向光源情形,(b)為4點鐘方向側向光源情形,當光源的方向有所不同時,紋線的陰影特徵亦有所不同;而(c)、(d)影像即無法紀錄工具痕跡特徵。特徵紋痕的品質將嚴重影響未來系統檢索比對之效能,在此,我們將應用影像融合(image fusion)技術在鑑識領域應用之成就,以影像融合技術提昇特徵紋痕之品質,並探究這樣的處理方式在鑑識領域應用上之影響。

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
照片4:(a)10點鐘方向光源情形;(b)4點鐘方向光源情形;(c)為7點鐘方向光源情形;(d)為1點鐘方向光源情形;(e)為(a)和(b)影像融合結果。

2.影像拼合()


結果與討論
一、顯微照相與近攝照相之差異:
MTF特性圖是Modulation Transfer Function的簡稱,是一種測試鏡頭反差對比度及銳利度的評估方法。一般鏡頭大都以10 lp/mm及30 lp/mm作為MTF特性圖評估標準,由於顯微鏡頭解像力均遠大於一般近攝鏡頭,在光圈全開情形下,將直接以近攝鏡頭及顯微鏡頭拍攝所得之工具痕跡影像作比較。如照片5所示,(a)為近攝鏡頭所拍攝之工具痕跡,(b)為顯微鏡頭所拍攝之工具痕跡,在相同倍率下,將相同位置之工具痕跡排列於(c)及(d),從(c)、(d)即可清楚辨視,以顯微照相機所拍攝之工具痕跡具有較高解像力(Resolution)。

(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
照片5:相同工具痕跡在相同倍率下,(a)以近攝鏡頭拍攝;(b)以顯微照相機拍攝;(c)以近攝鏡頭拍攝之工具痕跡情形;(d)以顯微照相機拍攝之工具痕跡情形。
二、光源:
若拍攝光源幾乎平行於物體表面的話,對於物體表面輕微的高度變化或表面細微特徵能較為清楚紀錄。雖然市面上已有“低角度環形光源”販售,然基於刑案現場操作方便性,本研究曾以“蛇燈”作為低角度光源,亦能得到品質不錯的影像。由於顯微照相機將光源內建於鏡頭內,除同軸光源外,顯微物鏡具有低角度光源,照片6顯示不同方向光源所造成的影響,本文建議採用全開光源,雖然會造成細微特徵不明顯的情況,但主要紋痕才是我們鑑定比對重點。



(補影像融合情形)
照片6:以不同角度光源拍攝硬幣情形。

三、較大倍率拍攝問題:
1.球形像差:
照片7:
2.對焦不易:由於顯微照相機鏡頭景深非常短,加上球形像差因素影響,建議近景以最清晰的工具痕跡部份,並且由影像中心擷取。
3.影像拼合情形:

結論
本文研究之目的,主要在探討以可攜式數位顯微照相機拍攝刑案現場非常重要且不易採取之工具痕跡,並作為日後工具痕跡鑑定依據,對於刑案現場中可攜回實驗室以實體顯微鏡處理之跡證,本文不建議以顯微照相機拍攝。然而,對於刑案現場上需快速篩檢之微物跡證,顯微照相機可作為刑案現場勘察人員另一項蒐證利器,如交通事故案件,車體刮擦痕跡上油漆堆積方向之紀錄與研判、被害人或肇事者衣物上玻璃碎片、油漆片及纖維破裂跡象快速檢視;可疑偽造文書檢視;

誌謝
本文蒙行政院國家科學委員會專案研究計畫經費補助;另承蒙高雄市瑞緯國際股份有限公司商借顯微鏡相機乙部協助實驗,特此致謝!

參考資料
1. 林茂雄、孟憲輝,槍彈鑑識及工具痕跡,警察百科全書,第十二章 槍彈鑑識及工具痕跡,正中書局,1999。
2. M Liukkonen, H Majamaa, J Virtanen. The role and duties of the shoeprint/toolmark examiner in forensic laboratories. Forensic Science International 1996; 82: 99-108.
3. Wen CY, Chen JK. Multi-resolution Image Fusion Technique and its Application to Forensic Science. Forensic Science International 2004;140(2-3):217-232. (NSC91-2213-E-015-001)
4. 林明鋒,最長共同子序列法於條紋痕跡相似度之評估,中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所碩士論文,97年6月。
5. ZJ Geradts, D Zaal, H Hardy, J Lelieveld, I Keereweer, J Bijhold. Pilot investigation of automatic comparison of striation marks with structured light. Proceedings of SPIE 2003.
6. M Heizmann, FP Leon. Imaging and analysis of forensic striation marks. Optical Engineering 2003;42(12):3423-3432.
7. M Heizmann. Strategies for the automated recognition of marks in forensic science. Symposium on Law Enforcement Technologies 2002; 4709: 68-79.
8. M Heizmann, FP Le´on. Model-based analysis of striation patterns in forensic science. Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security, Proceedings of SPIE 2001; 4232: 533-544.
9. X-Loupe G20 使用說明書。

AN INTERVIEWING STUDY ON INVESTIGATION AND PREVENTION OF KIDNAPPING

AN INTERVIEWING STUDY ON INVESTIGATION AND PREVENTION OF KIDNAPPING[1]
Abstract
In recent years, kidnapping, which combines violence with fraud, has not only caused enormous social costs, but also intensified fear among the general public. If such fearful crime cannot be eradicated, then the negative impact will harm public prestige of the police and the government. Previous studies have either aimed at analyzing the conventional cause and effect for serious crime or emphasized preventing kidnapping and reinforcing investigative strategies. Few studies have simultaneously taken both investigation and prevention into account from various perspectives derived from the criminals, hostages and victim’s family. Therefore, this study is mainly devoted to interviewing criminals who have already been sentenced, hostages, victim’s family and police officers who have practical experience. The finding of the interviews will be used to facilitate investigation and prevention of kidnapping by police officers. Results from the study indicate that police officers should elucidate their situation and appropriately explain the investigative procedure when interacting with the victim’s family. In addition, police officers should teach the victim’s family how to negotiate with the kidnappers with a positive attitude to ensure the safety of the hostages. Furthermore, this study suggests that the prosecutor, police officers, victim’s family and the press should work together in order to successfully rescue hostages. Results of the field study on surveying kidnapping should provide the basis for a useful reference.
Keywords: kidnapping, interview, task force, forum
1. INTRODUCTION
Kidnapping is one of the most fearful crimes of violence to impose terror on society. The ransom not only incurs heavy social costs on the general public, but such crimes also often inflict immense injury upon the hostages and their family. If the hostage is a celebrity, who is popularly reported on by the press, then the case becomes headlines, which causes society to become more unsettled. According to statistics, one kidnapping case occurred every five days on average in Taiwan from 1997 to 2006, with every case damaging a family and extensively affecting security of the whole society. Recently, in 2004, a well-known kidnapping case, led by a criminal surnamed Zhang, happened in Taiwan. This case is a serious organized crime involved many gangsters who had terrifying firepower. These kidnapping cases had immense effects on public security in Taiwan resulting from several serious abductions happening one after another which committed by the organized crime group. For example, earlier, in 1995, the criminal Zhang together with another infamous gangster surnamed Zhan kidnapped the head of a travel agency and demanding a ransom of two hundred million Taiwan dollars, causing social uproar. Afterwards, in 2004, the criminal Zhang again committed several abductions, including kidnapping a famous host in Nantou, Taiwan and demanding a ransom of one hundred million Taiwan dollars; kidnapping the boss of a pawnshop in Tainan City, Taiwan and demanding a ransom of fifteen million Taiwan dollars; kidnapping a young transportation official in Tainan District, Taiwan and demanding a ransom of thirty six million Taiwan dollars; and kidnapping an important influential boos of video arcades in Taizhong City, Taiwan and demanding a ransom of two billion Taiwan dollars . At that time, the degree of satisfaction with the government based on questionnaire surveys dropped sharply when compared with previous years.

Under such circumstances, the government and the police must strengthen their procedural mechanisms and enhance investigative strategies to minimize the rate of occurrence of kidnapping as quickly as possible. Nevertheless, safety of the hostages must be the top priority when the police take action to tackle such crime, otherwise, should there be an unsuccessful rescue or errors during the investigative process, then the hostages might be harmed or killed. Naturally, such outcomes are unacceptable to the victim’s family, and perhaps the victim’s family would rather pay the ransom in exchange for the hostages’ return and decide not to trust police to handle the case. On the other hand, regardless of the difficult task of maintaining the safety of the hostages, the majority of citizens would rather the government did not give in to the criminals, and expect that the government and the police solve such crime in the shortest time possible. In reality, because police officers need to both protect the hostages from injury and arrest the criminals, thus, the investigation of kidnapping, including communication with victim’s family, negotiation with kidnappers, organization of a task force, preventive strategies, and so on, deserves an in-depth study.

Previous research in kidnapping can be generally divided into two categories: criminology theory and empirical study. Criminology theory, which involves the scientific study of crime and criminals, includes differential association theory, techniques of neutralization theory, deviance subculture theory and labeling theory, and emphasizes that criminal behavior of a person may mainly be influenced by frequency of learning, techniques of rationalization, location of environment and social control (Sutherland, 1937;. Sykes and Matza, 1935; Tarde, 2000; Burgess, 1921; Shaw and McKay, 1942; Becker, 1963; Hirschi and Gottfredson, 1983; Sheu, 2007). Whereas, other theories covered by criminology theory include routine activity theory and victim factor theory, analyzing the relationship between victim and crime claimed that the person who has the victim prone together with other accessible targets will likely induce offenders to commit crime (Cohen and Felson, 1979; Sparks, 1981; Huang, 2006). In addition, Clarke (1995) proposed the situational crime prevention theory in accordance with the concept of defensible space and believed in that the reinforcement of rational choice theory, environment ecology and routine activity theory will effectively decrease the possibility of crime. Other previous empirical studies have emphasized the social cost and techniques for investigating kidnapping (Miller et al., 1996; Walker, 1999; Brand and Price, 2000; Mayhew, 2003). The above surveys imply that the social cost amounts to around NT forty five billion every year to tackle serious crime and recover social stability, wherein the social cost includes the expenditure for preventing crime and reducing fear of crime, the cost of maintaining the judicial system and loss to the victims. In view of the high social cost incurred due to kidnapping, Huang and Hou (2002) proposed several principles by which the police should abide when negotiating with kidnappers. Yang (2005) analyzed 31 cases of kidnapping sentenced by the Court during 1996-2003 in Taiwan, and presented some suggestions to avoid kidnapping. Yet the analysis was just undertaken according to criminal cases recorded in documents instead of face-to –face interviews.

Despite the numerous investigations associated with kidnappings or abductions, most of the earlier studies concentrated on the reasons for and consequences of kidnapping or disclosed techniques for successfully rescuing hostages. In fact, the majority of successful rescuing of hostages and arresting of the kidnappers primarily relied on an understanding of certain characteristics of the kidnappers and complete communication with the victim’s family. Theoretical mechanisms may not be enough to tackle kidnapping cases because of the different practical situations involved in every crime. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to interview the criminals, the hostages who survived, the victims’ families as well as police officers who were members of the task forces, and explore their experiences and observations. The above results were recompiled, paraphrased and presented in a forum for discussion. After a period of discussion by experts, a great deal of valuable experience and practical techniques were extracted, including how to communicate with victims and their family, how to negotiate with the criminals, how to successfully rescue the hostages and solve the case, to facilitate the government and the police when investigating kidnapping cases in the future. The following contents of the paper begin with the description of the groups interviewed, followed by some findings from in-depth interviews and suggestions from the forum. We conclude with an elaboration on the research and extensions for future research.
2. PROFILE OF INTERVIEWED GROUPS
In order to better understand the causes, characteristics and phases of kidnapping from various perspectives, we visited and interviewed 44 people, after which we further assimilated the results of the interviews and discussed with focus groups to extrapolate strategies to prevent kidnapping/abduction. The main reason we adopted an interview method is that the interview is a kind of quality method with evolutionary procedures associated with inductive and deductive procedures, and is appropriate for scientifically exploring social phenomena. In addition, the numbers of kidnapping examples are limited and not suitable for statistical analysis. According to “grounded theory” (Glaser and Strauss, 1967), researchers can arbitrarily stop visiting interviewees if the interview data is repeating. The variety of examples, in this study, have covered the general cases, thus the results from the interviews are valid.

There are four types of interviewees regarding their viewpoint, experience and motivation concerning the kidnapping: criminals, hostages, victim’s family and police officers. The requirements for being a candidate for interview and their background are described as follows. The requirements of the criminal candidates were that they were principal offenders or accomplices, sentenced to over eight years and they were between 25 and 55 years old when they committed the abduction. This study interviewed thirteen criminal candidates who met the above requirements. The occupations of these criminals were various, such like manager, solder, service personnel, fishery, cement industry and vagrants. Their level of education included college, high school, junior high school and elementary school. However, most of them were from low education. Regarding the profiles of the criminals, please see the details in Table 1. For the hostages, we visited nine victims, including eight men and one woman, and their level of education was from elementary school to Ph. D. It is noted that, in this study, the victims were normally rich and were not acquainted with the kidnappers. Further details about the hostages can be seen in Table 2. For the victim’s family, we visited eight people, including four men and four women. Most of them were rich and had good businesses. Three of them were acquainted with the kidnappers, but all of them insisted that they had no resentment against the kidnappers. More details about the victim’s family can be seen in Table 3. Regarding the police officer candidates, we chose those who had worked at least over 13 years at police stations investigating crime since graduation and had joined task forces at least twice to tackle kidnapping cases. Table 4 portrays the details of the police officers.
Table 1 Criminals’ profiles and their description of the crime
No.
Ag.
Oc.
Ed.
Ac.
Pr.
Abbreviated description of crime
C1
52
Agency
C
No
11/0
Asked creditor repaying debts unsuccessfully and thus kidnapped the creditors.
C2
37
Food industry
H
No
12/6
Pretended to be a police officer to investigate prostitutes and committed crime. The criminal was arrested by real police when victim’s family paid ransom after several remittances.
C3
29
Broker of call-girl
J
No
14/0
Kidnapped a person who had a sexual trade with the call-girl because the criminal was a broker and coveted the person’s wealth.
C4
35
Staff
E
No
10/2
The criminal was employed as a guardian to guard the hostage due to illegal immigration without regular jobs.
C5
34
Soldier
C
Yes
9/10
The criminal dispatched from military. Because his pension was defrauded by others so that he kidnapped his friend’s girlfriend to compensate the loss.
C6
26
Gambling lookout
J
No
3/10
Help his friend to kidnap his friend’s sister-in-law because his friend coveted his father-in-law’s wealth.
C7
32
A labor of tailor
H
Yes
20/0
Kidnapped a manufacturer of mobile phone cards because the criminal saw the victim’s luxuriously decorated house when he visited the victim about a mobile phone.
C8
28
Communication
H
No
8/6
Helped his friend asking creditor to pay debt off but eventually kidnapped the creditor for ransom.
C9
36
Sailor
H
No
10/8
Was acquainted with a gambling friend, and was tempted to join the kidnapping due to lack of money.
C10
25
Guardian of call-girl
H
No
12/0
The criminal was one of the accomplices in the case C4, but only partly participated rather than the whole kidnapping.
C11
28
Cement laborer
J
No
9/0
Joined a business with friends and kidnapped the victim because his friends had land disputes with the victim.
C12
30
Vagrant
E
No
Life sentence
The criminal habitually committed crime and was successful in several kidnappings. Part of a crime syndicate.
C13
31
Vagrant
J
No
To be waited
Kidnapped a victim who planed to drive a car at parking lot and then robbed possessions at victim’s house.
Note: Ag: age; Oc: occupation; Ed: education; Ac: acquainted with victims; Pr: prison term (y/m); E: elementary; J: junior high school; H: high school; C: college; U: university; G: graduate school
Table 2 Victim’s profiles and their description of kidnapping circumstances
No.
Ge.
Ag.
Oc.
Ed.
R/P
Pe.
Abbreviated description of kidnapping circumstances
V1
Male
43
Service
H
Rich
No/no
The victim was a busy temple worker and preferred social activities. One day, he was accidentally kidnapped by an unknown person after he received a friend’s call.
V2
Male
12
Student
E
Rich
No/no
The victim was kidnapped while playing a video game.
V3
Male
50
Business
C
Rich
No/yes
The victim was kidnapped because one of his tenants was envious of his wealth and familiar of his regular routine.
V4
Female
61
Business
H
Rich
No/yes
The victim had no fixed working schedule, and was kidnapped in his store at night, so he thought the criminal must have known his daily schedule.
V5
Male
46
Business
E
Rich
No/no
The victim ran a business which was not entirely legal, but profitable, and he was kidnapped because of high profits of business.
V6
Male
49
Public officer
C
Well-fixed
No/no
The criminal kidnapped the wrong hostage at the beginning. Afterward they accepted the consequence of a mistake and directly ransomed the wrong hostage instead.
V7
Male
54
Business
C
Rich
No/yes
The victim was followed and kidnapped when pulling his car over to the side of the road.
V8
Male
59
Business
J
Well-fixed
No/no
The victim ran a betel nut business, and believed he had no enmity with others, so he thought the criminal randomly kidnapped him because of lack of money.
V9
Male
53
Doctor
G
Rich
No/no
The criminal was envious of the hostage’s business and high reputation.
Note: Ge: gender; Ag: age; Oc: occuption; Ed: education; R/P: rich or poor; Pe: Personal enmity/acquainted; E: elementary; J: junior high school; H: high school; C: college; U: university; G: graduate school
Table 3 Profiles of the victims’ family
No.
Gender
Ages
Occupation
Education
Rich/poor
Relation with victim
Personal enmity/
acquainted
F1
Male
68
Business
U
Rich
Father
No/no
F2
Female
64
Housewife
U
Rich
Mother
No/no
F3
Female
52
Actress
H
Rich
Mother
No/no
F4
Male
63
Business
H
Rich
Husband
No/yes
F5
Male
69
Business
E
Rich
Father
No/yes
F6
Female
48
Housewife
U
Rich
Mother
No/no
F7
Female
49
Housewife
U
Rich
Wife
No/no
F8
Male
43
Farmer
J
Rich
Father
No/yes

Table 4 Profiles of police officers
No.
Type of police station
Official rank
Ages
Education
Years of work
P1
Metropolis
Commander
43
U
20
P2
Metropolis
Deputy Commander
42
G
20
P3
Urban area
Section Chief
37
U
13
P4
Suburban
Section Chief
45
C
26
P5
Country
Section Chief
38
C
17
P6
Country
Section Chief
46
U
26
P7
Suburban
Section Chief
46
C
26
P8
Suburban
Section Chief
49
G
26
P9
Central police
Section Chief
49
U
25
P10
Urban area
Section Chief
47
U
23
P11
Urban area
Section Chief
51
C
30
P12
Urban area
Section Chief
37
C
17
P13
Suburban
Section Chief
52
U
30
P14
Suburban
Section Chief
51
U
29
Note: E: elementary; J: junior high school; H: high school; C: college; U: university; G: graduate school
3. FINDINGS FROM INTERVIEWING
After interviewing the four groups totaling 44 candidates, we obtained a considerable amount of data, including the cause and motivation of kidnapping, techniques of the crime, injuries to the victims and mental harm to their family, interaction between family and police, operation of task forces, and so on. The results of the interview were categorized into four aspects as follows,
3.1 Motivations for Kidnapping and Methods – Criminal Perspectives
From our interviews we learned that the main motivations for kidnapping was to procure money or valuable possessions, while other reasons for kidnapping involved illegal gains, instigation or influencing factors from surroundings. In order to specify the motivations for kidnapping, we generalized six types of motivations based on our interviews with chosen criminals. In the main, criminals exploited the situation in which debts were owed by the victims or they helped friends collect debts as an excuse to gloss over their crime. In fact, the criminals were basically unsatisfied with the repayment of debts owed, and finally demanded more after kidnapping the victim. In some cases, because some of the criminals and victims earned their living through illegal activities, thus, the criminals rationalized their behavior because they considered the victims’ activities were also illegal. In any case, in this study, no matter what kind of motivations the criminals commit kidnapping, we found that most of the criminals neither stood the poverty in life nor resisted the outside temptation of valuable possessions. Accordingly, once given the opportunity instigated by friends, they hastily committed the crime without further consideration of the consequences. Besides, admittedly, in order to escape from police custody, many fugitives tend to commit kidnapping to raise living expenses during their hiding. The above findings and descriptions were depicted in Table 5. In this table, in addition to the six types of motivation, comparisons between motivations and corresponding crime theories were also carried out.

Table 5 Different types of motivation for kidnapping and relevant analysis
No
Motivation
Interpretation by interviewed candidate
Analysis/Corresponding crime theory
1
Collect debts as an excuse to gloss over their crime
C1: For the purpose of repayment of a three-hundred million debt, I directly forced the creditor to solve the problem by other means.
C8: One of my friends asked me to help him collect debts, but the creditor’s family reported the incident to the police and accused us of kidnapping with a gun.
C11: We were paid a commission to collect their debts…
The repayment of debts is often used by many criminals as a specious argument, but, in fact, they were basically unsatisfied with the repayment of debts owed, and finally demanded more after kidnapping the victim. Technique of neutralization theory seems to appropriately explain the state of mind that criminals of serious felonies tend to rationalize their crime.
2
Involved in illegal business/
activities
C3: I suspected the guy reported my company to the police, who then came and arrested several of my hookers, so I asked his family to pay a five million ransom. I have to confess that I could not tolerate myself to his prosperity.
C7: At the beginning, I quarreled with him because of the poor quality of mobile phone cards I bought from him for my friends. Afterward, I couldn’t get reasonable compensation for the loss of the poor quality of credit card, so eventually I decided to kidnap him.
C10: I was in charge of a call-girl business, and I was so angry when they kidnapped our girls. While I was negotiating with them, we kidnapped them instead. They were also illegal and wrong because they kidnapped our girls at the first place.
Some members of the criminals made a living from illegal businesses, and they were accustomed to extravagant lifestyles. In addition, they rationalized their behavior if the kidnapped person was also involved in illegal business. Social control theory states that people who have the trait of low social control cannot easily resist temptation and are prone to commit crime.
3
Sad plights in life plus instigation of friends
C2: My family was poor and some friends told me of an easy way to obtain lots of money in a short time.
C4: I could not find a suitable job after illegally immigrating to Taiwan. Afterward, I was hired to guard hostages, but I believe I was innocent.
C6: My friend owed me a great deal of money and asked me to help him stage a false kidnapping for a ransom from his father-in-law.
C9: I liked gambling but lost a lot of money. I was fed up with poverty and my friend suggested I find some cunning scheme to get money, so I kidnapped somebody.
C13: I owed lots of gambling debts so I had no choice.
Most of these types of criminals live in poor environments or are of low cultural background. Such socially disadvantages combined with the instigation of friends easily resulted in them committing crime. The culture conflict and differential association theories may interpret the circumstances.
4
Wish to have fast advancement in their career
C5: I was defrauded of my pension because I hoped to quickly accumulate more money after I left the army. But I failed and I was not able to put up with the burden of routine work.
C7: I was not satisfied with my income, and I wished I could enjoy a high lifestyle, but it was like a nightmare when lured into committing crime.
These types of criminals are not satisfied with their current income. Attracted to pleasure activities and wasting their money may easily lead these types of people with low social control to commit crime.
5
Have an opportunity to learn /commit crime
C2: My friends told me how to quickly get money, and I also learned of such methods from the newspaper.
C4: My friends told me that I was only in charge a small part of the job and if I were arrested by police, I might be accused to liberty offence only.
The criminals’ environment /friends provide opportunities for them to learn how to commit crime or teach them wrong concepts.
6
In order to escape from police pursuit
C12: We had no choice because we had to escape from police pursuit. Thus, we had to raise a large amount of money during our escape and we didn’t mind committing kidnapping one more time.
The criminal was labeled a bad student when he was a child. Labeling theory seems to explain the reason he committed the crime later in life.
On the other hand, we also explored various kidnapping techniques revealed by criminals when talking with them. Most of the criminals together with their accomplices would deliberately plan and share the whole kidnapping similar to an organized crime syndicate. There were two objectives for planning in advance and sharing responsibilities: one was to impede police investigation, and the other was to more easily and safely commit the crime. The first objective included concealing the place where hostages were confined or escaping from a misleading route for fear that the police or the hostages would learn of the location, and also making use of the hostages’ mobile phone, public phones, a phone-card or easy-pay phone-cards to avoid revealing their location when they communicated with the victim’s family. In addition, when they asked for the ransom, they intentionally, repeatedly changed the locations where both sides originally agreed to meet so as to hinder the police in their tracking of the offenders. Sometimes the criminals would injure the hostage and even send pictures or video footage to the victim’s family showing the hostage’s status and painful voice in order to frighten the family not to report the kidnapping to the police or to make them more willing to agree to pay the ransom. The second objective for planning in advance and sharing responsibilities included surveying the kidnapping location several times or following the victims in advance. Moreover, when kidnapping the hostages, the criminals would normally make the hostages take sleeping drugs and tie them up for easy control. Some of the more cunning kidnappers even reviewed the kidnapping procedure to ensure police officers had not already begun tracking them. They had also prepared several escape routes in advance in case of a police raid.

Some of the factors that enabled police officers to successfully rescue the hostages from the criminals were also obtained from the interviews. We summarized the factors under three captions, including alert and meticulous investigation, advanced technology and cooperation. According to recollections made by the kidnappers C2, C5 and C11, detailed investigations revealed that the criminals were apparently aware that somebody was tracking them one week before being arrested by the police. One of kidnappers recalled: “This situation occurred whenever we went shopping, but we did not find out what was wrong?” “We had no time to react when police entered.” “Our awareness of something being wrong proved to be correct later on.” From this, we learned that monitoring of criminals’ behavior and patiently tracking their activities before police officers prepare to rescue hostages are essential procedures when tackling kidnapping. However, it is noted that police officers must follow such procedures with the utmost caution; otherwise the whole undertaking will come to nothing.

During informal talks, some of the criminals, C7, C9 and C11, referred to matters concerning police equipment, and the majority of the criminals believed that the main reason they were caught was due to advanced equipment used by the police, including video monitoring, telephone monitoring and telecommunication recording. Without doubt, advanced technologies play an important role in investigating crime and in particular kidnapping. In addition, criminals C2, C3 and C7 acknowledged that they were arrested when they appeared to receive the ransom. Hence, they believed that the information police officers obtained of knowing the exact location for paying the ransom must be provided by financial institutions or the victim’s family. Therefore, cooperation between police officers, financial institutions and victim’s family is a crucial element to tackling kidnapping. Furthermore, police officers were able to efficiently narrow down the area of escape that the criminals would use and thus enabled pursuing other accomplices in cases where one of the criminals was arrested in advance. Some members of the criminals revealed on thing they feared the most was being betrayed by friends or accomplices and they also admitted that a sophisticated skill of inquiry adopted by police officers and a strategy with family affection, such as parents’ and friends’ persuasion could loose their mental protection. Consequently police officers may as well adopt such techniques which can successfully rescue the hostages.
3.2 Features of Kidnapping and Ransoming – Victim’s Perspectives
Reviewing the kidnapping procedures from different perspectives would enable the police to investigate the crime more effectively. From the previous section, our interviews with the criminals have enabled us to learn of the main reasons for them committing the crime and some of the methods they adopted to carry out the kidnapping and their escape plans. In this section, we interviewed the victims who have various viewpoints from criminals to extract some useful information, including various features about the kidnapping methods and ransoming methods. Being familiar with the features of kidnapping could help the public know how to prevent being kidnapped. For instance, victim V1 and victim V2 suspected that kidnappers had observed their surroundings in advance and were familiar with their daily activities. Victim V3 believed that he was followed by kidnappers, while victims V5 and V7 guessed that their friends had perhaps provided the kidnappers with inside information about their daily activities. In contrast to the above victims, victim V4 and V8 were kidnapped by criminals with weapons. Generally speaking, from the victim’s perspective, they thought criminals would prefer observing the victim’s daily life before kidnapping and then take advantage of opportunities to kidnap with weapons when the victims were unprotected. In addition, in order to avoid revealing their identity and location where the victim was detained, normally the kidnappers would blindfold the victim and seal their mouth with adhesive tape. Such features of kidnapping were similar to the methods extracted from the criminals’ perspectives since most of the victims believed the kidnappers followed them for a period of time before deciding on kidnapping them, while most of the criminals admitted that they planned the crime before kidnapping the victim. Therefore, from the above interpretations, it seems to know that criminals perhaps carelessly leave some traces while they were following the victims. In other words, if police officers could track every kidnapping process in detail, they should find out some helpful information concerning investigating kidnapping, such as the photographic pictures from video monitors equipped on the road. Table 6 is the summary of the features of kidnapping from the victim’s perspective.

Apart from the above features of kidnapping, we also extracted four types of ransoming methods according to the interviews with the victims. Usually, kidnappers would find a third party or allow a designated person, such as the hostage’s family, to pass on messages for both sides and even ask the person to hand over the ransom money in order not to leave any trace to the police officers. In addition, according to the description made by victim V1, the initial ransom amount was the highest, and was normally beyond the ability of the victim’s family to pay. According to previous cases that police officers successfully rescued hostages from kidnappers, one of main reason was that the victim’s family patiently negotiated with the kidnappers to reduce the ransom amount using various excuses. Hence, the police should teach family of the kidnapped person how to deal with kidnappers and encourage them only to concede after communicating with the kidnappers several times since the time delay provided by the victim’s family bargaining with the kidnappers is often a golden opportunity for police officers to rescue the hostage. Table 7 represents the ransoming methods extracted from the interviews with victims.
Table 6 The summary of kidnapping methods
No.
Feature
Victim’s description
1
Became familiar with the hostage’s daily schedule by observing their environment
V1: It was about 10:00 pm, and had just finished taking a bath when one of my friends phoned me to play cards, so I rode a motorbike to my friend’s house, and on my way there I suddenly realized that someone was following me, so I tried to escape, but their car collided with my motorbike and they kidnapped me. I believe they must have waited for some period of time outside my house.
V2: I was kidnapped when I was playing a video game at video arcade.
2
Kidnapped the hostages while following them
V1: On my way to my friend’s house, I suddenly became aware that someone was following me and so I tried to escape, but their car collided with my motorbike and they kidnapped me.
V3: I regularly left my office to have a meal with clients, and while walking to the parking lot that day, I turned right at the corner next to xxx school when several people got off a truck and blocked my way, after which one person forced me to get on the truck with a gun.
3
Kidnapped the hostages using inside information provided by an acquaintance or friend
V1: During the time I was kidnapped, the kidnappers seemed to know that my family would report the incident to the police, so they continuously changed their cars that detained me for fear that the police would them. In particular, they knew various details about my daily habits.
V5: One of the kidnappers asked me whether I knew who he was or not while guarding me in a bathroom. I was afraid of being killed if I recognized him. I was curious about why he would ask me such a question at that time and I guessed that one of them might be an acquaintance of mine.
V7: Unless acquaintances or friends, few knew my night activities.
4
Directly entered a house or store to kidnap the victim
V4: I didn’t leave my store until 10:00 pm because something occurred coincidentally that needed my immediate attention. They entered my store from the half-closed door and kidnapped me using knives and adhesive tape.
V8: When I opened the betel nut booth, they got out their car and forced me to get in. They had guns so I didn’t resist.
Table 7 Summary of ransoming methods
No.
Ransoming method
Victim’s description
1
Asked a third party to pass on the messages and hand over the ransom money.
V1: They originally demanded a NT$ 100 million dollar ransom, but agreed to reduce it to NT$ 50 million dollars through Mr. xx’s negotiations with the kidnappers, and eventually was able to reduce the ransom even further. The final ransom was NT$ 25 million dollars. All of them used Mr. xx’s cell phone to communicate. When my wife agreed to pay, they also asked the third party to handle collection.
V5: I tried to communicate with them and promised to find a person whom the two sides could agree to handle collection of the ransom.
V7: They asked me and my family to find a hoodlum to be a broker. But where can we find a hoodlum? I pondered for a while.
2
One of the kidnappers was in specific charge of the ransom.
V4: The kidnapper directly asked me for my husband’s telephone number and demanded a NT$ 10 million dollar ransom. The kidnapper was responsible for the ransom from beginning to end.
3
Asked a single person from the victim’s family to pay according to the kidnappers’ instructions.
V8: My wife asked them to allow her to hear my voice to ensure that I was still alive, but they disagreed. After that, they wanted to record my voice to eliminate my wife’s worries, but I didn’t agree because my recorded voice could be used by them repeatedly. Finally, they agreed to let us speak a few words before my wife conceded to paying the ransom according to their instructions.
4
Asked a specific person to pay the ransom.
V3: When they wanted me to pay the ransom, I suggested that they allow the chief of finance in my company to pay the ransom, because I told them Mr. xx knew my business well.
V9: The kidnappers assigned one of my friends to pay the ransom and forbade others to accompany him.
3.3 Obsessive Nightmares -- Victims and Their Families’ Perspectives
Kidnap victims and their families undergo a great deal of grief and stress, and understanding the grief and stress that kidnap victims and their families have to undergo will benefit police officers when communicating with them and winning their trust. The after-effects of kidnapping that hostages suffer from include both physical injuries mental trauma. The physical injuries were commonly caused by kidnappers while the hostages were being detained or resistance by the hostages, but such injuries quickly healed after being rescued by the police. However, in contrast to the physical injuries, mental trauma left unhappy memories or permanent damage in the minds of the hostages. In particular, the majority of the victims repeatedly suffered from recollections of terror during the period of kidnapping whenever the TV or magazines reported similar matters. Sometime, they would worry too much about whether strangers were following them or not, and such nervousness and anxiety lasted for a long period of time. If victims of kidnapping did not accept psychological treatment or see a doctor for mental therapy, then victims of kidnapping and their families might suffer from depression or other mental diseases, such as perpetual hurt, compulsive memories, hallucinations, rage, mental swings and distracted mind, …etc., and interfere with their subsequent daily lives,. The following typical examples described by victims depict several types of mental injuries representative of the hostage’s grief. We represented the mental injuries as main symptoms, side symptoms and characteristics, and are depicted in Table 8.
V1: I have a normal life now, but the terror of being kidnapped reoccurs whenever I see similar reports on the TV, in newspapers or magazines. Because I did not know whether I would survive or die as time evolved. I was extremely depressed, anxious and scared at that time. Such mental pressure pounded like waves in my mind and still exist. My wife was also subjected to such heavy stress that she could not sleep well during the harsh 10 days.
V3: Now I will pay great attention to whether somebody is following me because the dark shadow of the kidnapping is still present in my mind. I was also worried that the kidnappers would hurt my family if they did not succeed in getting the ransom. And this scared feeling has lasted a long period of time.
V4: Actually I am still stressed, because I heard that the accomplices of my kidnappers were not prosecuted or didn’t sue them at law.
Table 8 Mental injury types of the hostages
Type
Main symptoms
Side symptoms
Characteristics
Stress syndrome
Victims experienced the terror of upcoming fatality
Recall experience to the mind
Memories of the kidnapping repeatedly remind the victims of the incident.
Nightmares
Dream the processes of being kidnapped.
Imagine kidnapping
Fear of being kidnapped again.
Mental pressure
Stressed out by related reports of kidnapping.
Fear and anxiety
Nervous about related reports of kidnapping.
Victims generate reactions of escapism and numbness
Avoid recalling the incident
Avoid recalling and talking about the details of the kidnapping.
Inability to recall the incident
Unable to recall memories of the painful incident.
Less social activities
Uninterested in social life.
Distrust
Excessively cautious of other people/events.
Isolation
Feel alone and unhappy
Emotionless
Feel less energetic towards everything
Victims have some irrational physiological reactions
Insomnia
Unable to eat and sleep well
Irritable
Lose temper/ out of temper
Distracted
Unable to focus on handling something
Offensive
Usually causing gastralgia or other uncomfortable symptoms due to anxiety.
Alarmism
Easily shocked by trivial things

Similar symptoms happened to the victims’ families because they had to endure huge mental pressure and injuries when suddenly facing such a drastic event. The mental pressure and injuries were caused by the uncertainty of safe return of the victims and time to wait for the outcome of this crisis. The symptoms included fear, worry, anticipation, sorrow and sublimation. Three types of general symptoms were categorized in this study according to the interviews with the victims’ families. The first type involved scary emotions and reactions therefore, which were described as follows.
F2: I was like a fish out of water when listening to the news. The time waiting for the criminals next message was frankly like torture combined with fear because I had no idea what next step I should take. …I cried for several days and had an emotional breakdown because my son had still not returned home one day after paying the ransom.
F3: It has been nine years since I encountered the misfortune. I was full of sorrow from crying everyday in the beginning, and only now have my tears dried. Perhaps the kidnapping was just a bit of social news because I am not a celebrity, but it was really a catastrophic event for me.
F7: When I received the news, I could hardly believe the fact that my husband had been kidnapped, and that the terrible thing actually happen to my home. Usually I feel unsafe when my husband is not at home or is returning home late because of the frequent reports on TV and the mass media concerning kidnapping.
The second type of mental injury incurred by the victims’ families was worry for the hostage’s safety.
F1: The thing that worried me most was imagining the possibility of my kid being abused, hurt or maltreated by the kidnappers and being locked up in a small cage. I seemed to hear his crying and whispering in my ears and seemed to see tears on his face. Whenever I imagined such things, I could not eat, sleep and felt depressed. Sometimes, I imagined that it would be better if he died in a car accident than being kidnapped because of the endless suffering during the ten months in which was too much for us to bear. Later on, the despair was replaced with anxiety after I learned of the news that my son was already dead.
F6: Till now, I worry about my family’s safety when they return home late and this feeling of anxiety occurs all the time.
In general, the victim’s family looked forward to the hostage’s safe return. As the victim’s family F2 described: “I definitely hoped my son could come back but a feeling of hopelessness immediately came over me when my son did not return according to me my expectations.” This family’s description seems to show that the family knew if the police could not successfully rescue the hostage, the family’s anticipated emotion would dramatically become a despaired mood. Accordingly, the police should take into full consideration the depressed state of family members and place safety of the hostage as a top priority, thereby increasing the chances of successfully saving hostages and effectively tackling kidnapping.
F2: I definitely had the hope of my son’s safe return. The torture combined with fear more than I could bear, so I was relieved after paying the ransom. But unfortunately, despair immediately came over me because my son didn’t return as expected. Such anticipation turned into a significant wound that has left me with an eternal scar in my memory.
F3: I was not able to recover from the sad memories, in other words, I didn’t forgive them for their heartless behavior. I believe that those who commit crime should be strictly punished otherwise they are bound to commit other crimes again.
Regardless of the torture they had to undergo, most of the victims’ families praised police efforts, and would rather believe that the majority of people in the world are good natured. Some of the families even devoted their time as well as wealth to help the public or the police attack serious crimes rather than go on suffering from the sorrow of kidnapping. Like victim families F1 and F4, when they learned that their loved one would never return, they detached themselves from the suffering and participated in activities involved with public welfare. Their statements were as follows,
F1: I told my wife that we have only one son and now he has left us forever (died). We knew that he liked to plant flowers before his death so we planned to buy a garden to remember him and send saplings to children who were interested in gardening. I hoped when the small trees start to grow, it would indicate that the torch of life continue to be handed down
F4: I would like to donate some of my income to upgrade the video monitoring system in our community to improve the security of our citizens. I hope my contribution will help to reduce the rate of serious crime, even though my donation is small compared to the total social resources of the government.
3.4 Factors of Successful Rescue – Task Force’s Perspectives
According to the above statements, victims as well as their families would feel great relief if police successfully rescued hostages from kidnappers. Hence, researching the key factors for a successful rescue naturally becomes one of the critical tasks when investigating kidnapping. In this study, we extracted some useful information from the interviews, and we also carried out extensive analysis from police officers’ perspectives and provide several recommendations on rescuing hostages to an elite group of senior officials who had participated in the operational investigation of kidnapping.

Most of the task force members believed that the time when the victim’s family or citizens who witnessed something concerning the kidnapping and reported the details to police officers is the prime time to rescue hostages from kidnappers. If the police officer receiving the reports could immediately inform their coworkers patrolling in the vicinity, then the police might either rescue the victims while the criminals were escaping, or the task force could obtain precious information, which could benefit subsequent investigations if the police officer could deliberately consult with the reporter regarding the kidnapping processes. In addition, the task force should try to earn the trust from the victim’s family, because cooperation from the victim’s family is also a vital factor in the successful rescue of the hostage.
P2: We cannot unreasonably expect the victim’s family to obey our instructions word by word, but we should instead persuade them to work with the police. As to the recommendations, I think the police must show professional ability and advanced investigative skills to eliminate anxiety from the victim’s family. Anyway, the hostage’s safety is the primary concern of the family.
P4: For those kidnapping cases I participated in, I preferred to communicate with the victim’s family about our goal which was to ensure the hostage’s safety. Such communication reassured the family that the police have really considered the hostage’s safety and that the police officers understood the family’s grief, so both sides (the police and the family) reached a consensus when rescuing the hostage.
P7: From my experience, I generally prefer telling them about some successful cases to boost their confidence.

Members of the task force are recommended to make sure whether the hostage is still alive or not when they start processing the investigation. Without firm assurance of the hostage’s safety, the task force should not hastily trigger off the arresting kidnappers, otherwise the hostage could be killed by the kidnappers during the rescue process. Moreover, some of the main factors endangering the hostage include interaction between the hostage and the kidnappers, such like the hostage is acquainted with the kidnappers, and the hostage knows the escaped track or not. Police officers should regularly inform citizens to notice the information by making use of various opportunities, such as anti-crime publications.
P8: The police can instruct the victim’s family to ask a few personal questions when communicating with the kidnappers about the ransom in order to find out whether the hostage is safe or not. For example “who is the classmate who sits next to the hostage?”, “where did the hostage go last weekend?” and so on.
P9: We would rather accept the fact that the victim’s family pay the ransom than learn of the bad news that the hostage has been killed by the kidnappers because of our investigations. We can still catch the kidnappers after the ransom has been paid, but we cannot bring a dead hostage back to life.
P1: Generally speaking, the kidnappers would not tend to kill the victim at the beginning because their purpose is ransom not murder. There are many factors endangering the hostage, including the victim recognizing the kidnappers, the place where the hostage is held and whether the kidnapping is reported by the mass media.The greater the accumulation of negative factors, the greater the possibility of the hostage being killed.

Apart from police offers paying full attention to the initial reporting of a kidnapping by the family and/or citizens and adopting investigative techniques that earn the confidence of the victim’s family, most of the interviewed police officers thought that the task force should follow several rules to effectively tackle the serious crime of kidnapping. First, the task force should have an explicit instruction system.. In other words, chief of the task force (normally the police station commissioner) should fully authorize professionals to act on his behalf while he/she merely plays a supervisory role of organizing the task force, including assigning complicated jobs, mastering the programs of investigation and making decisions on press releases. Next, the different subgroups of the task force should trust and fully cooperate with each other. For instance, the tasks assigned to the various subgroups should be undertaken adequately and results from the assigned tasks should be presented and appropriately discussed in task meetings. Without question, cooperation also includes working with other groups, such as telecommunication companies and financial institutions, with which friendly relationships should be built during normal times. Third, it is important to employ an expert negotiator with experience of communicating with criminals, and it is noted that the negotiator, when communicating with the kidnappers, should clearly inform the kidnappers the standpoint of the task force using common language rather than formal legal terminology. Nevertheless, the task force can occasionally apply certain recommendations, such as handling part of the communication with the kidnappers or persuading their relatives to soften the kidnappers’ attempt. Trying such methods may sometimes be more effective than formal communication via the negotiator. Finally, members of the task force should filter out the useless information and further analyze the useful messages to appropriately allocate tasks to police officers, otherwise, the enormous tasks would waste money and time for the task force. Furthermore, the task force should be equipped with essential modern facilities and equipment, including (a) facilities to analyze communications (b) audio and video monitoring systems (c) global positioning systems (GPSs) (d) facilities to test DNA (e) fingerprint recognition equipment (f) facilities to collect crime scene evidence (g) money-dying devices (h) facilities to investigate internet IPs, and so on.
4. INTERVIEWS AND DISSCUSSIONS WITH EXPERTS
From our interviews, we obtained a number of valuable opinions as well as various perspectives about kidnapping covering motivations and methods of kidnapping, victim’s injuries and several factors to take into account to successfully rescue hostages. However, despite the large amount of productive data from interviewing the strictly chosen criminals, victims, victims’ families and task forces, some of the viewpoints expressed may by subjective and made from a personal perspective. Hence, the findings may not become empirical rules because of their subjectivity, and can not be used for reference by other researchers unless they are thoroughly examined and discussed by experts in forums. Accordingly, we invited 12 experts with rich experience in exploring, investigating, judging or reporting kidnapping cases to discuss the issues addressed by the interviewees in a meeting to form a consensus. The experts included four professors each having over twenty years experience teaching criminology or researching crime related fields at university, a judge in the supreme court who has served in the district and high courts and sentenced over ten convicted kidnappers, a prosecutor in the supreme prosecutors office who has served in the district and high prosecutors office and investigated over ten kidnappings, a press reporter social press with over fifteen years experience who has reported over twenty kidnappings and five superior police officers who have experience in investigating ten kidnappings.

In order to narrow down the problems and complications associated with kidnapping, we summarized the opinions and recommendation we got from this study and presented to the invited experts with the following new issues to discuss and share information about.
(1) What are the serious consequences on the safety of the community, in terms of damage to society and injury to the victims as well as their families? What are the responsibilities of the government and how can citizens avoid such a horrifying crime?
(2) Apart from the known methods mentioned in the above section, what are the novel and derived methods of kidnapping? And how can the task force effectively and efficiently tackle the novel methods?
(3) In order to tackle kidnapping, how should the judicial system and other groups collaborate with police officers to respond to public requirements?
(4) What are other’s suggestions in terms of your professional perspective?
After the forum, we recorded the experts’ ideas in detail and extracted the following results according to the above issues.
4.1 Devote Entire Manpower to Prevent Kidnapping
The majority of experts agreed that kidnapping has an enormous impact on society, in particular affecting social safety because of the invasion of the victim’s freedom by the criminals, as well as the harm done to the hostage in order get a large amount of money in ransom, thereby not only causing physical injury to the hostages, but also permanently injuring the minds of their families. The tormenting nightmares for hostages and their families have been explained above. Hence, all of the experts appealed to the government to pay serious attention to such crimes and provide all facilities possible for the investigation of kidnappings. Apart from instigating investigations with the highest standards of integrity, the experts also recommended that it would be better if the police instructed citizens on how to avoid kidnapping, and for the police to add auxiliary facilities, such as video monitoring equipment and lighting to counteract kidnapping. In addition, the government should encourage communities to install video monitoring equipment and develop joint defense. On the other hand, regarding school safety, the experts suggest police officers should add police patrols around schools. The experts also indicated that the government should trace criminals’ movements after being discharged from prison and enforce the reeducation of people with a high tendency for crime. In conclusion, the experts consider the best way to prevent kidnapping is to solve the case and successfully rescue the hostages, and then let citizens know the severe consequences of kidnapping.
The experts also presented a variety of methods to prevent kidnapping as follows. With respect to the enhancement of citizens’ alertness as well as government improvements, the experts suggested that people who are rich or own a large enterprise should live in a generic life to avoid being a target of kidnapping by criminals. In addition, citizens should be alert to strangers in their neighborhood. However, should an unfortunate citizen be kidnapped, the experts suggested that the hostage do their best to remember some important facts, such as the number of kidnappers, their features, pronunciation, clothes and car license, because such facts provide important information for the task force to investigate.
4.2 Organizing a Task Force to Investigate Kidnapping
According to the interviews with the criminals, hostages, victims’ families and police officers of actual kidnapping cases, the experts considered that the kidnapping procedure could be summarized as follows: trigger the motivation, draw up the kidnapping plan (including vehicles, weapons, subject, communicating skills for criminals, procedure for kidnapping, places to hold the hostage and the ransom), organize and assign tasks, observe the environment of the kidnapping scene and simulate the kidnapping procedure, execute the kidnapping, hide and guard the hostage using terror, drugs, violence or injury, demand the ransom, avoid police investigation, stipulate how to pay the ransom (at a specific location, freeway, rail, …etc.), decide whether to set free or kill the hostage, share out the money and flee. In addition, according to the descriptions in the above section given by the hostages when interviewed, the conventional kidnapping methods adopted by the criminals could be summarized into four types: (1) going into the victim’s house and directly kidnapping the victim by a gun, knife or other weapons (2) waiting for the target in a parking lot, on the way to work or when going to school, or tracking the victim and kidnapping by force, (3) adopt some tricks (car accident, debt, visit) to kidnap, and (4) randomly kidnap the seemingly rich kid . It is clear from our study that there is no significant variation in the kidnapping methods. However, the methods for getting the ransom have changed considerable with time, from the “cast package” to remitting the ransom money and had money laundry done by the money through a third party, which the police now pay particular attention to and have increased efforts to prevent.

According to the various kidnapping techniques, the experts presented several improvements along with the key factors to efficiently solve the crime, which were more detailed than those provided by the police officers in the above section. First, the government should set up a task force to investigate serious kidnappings, wherein the task force must be organized into several subgroups which, if possible, should include maintaining, documentation, surveying, investigating, forensics, communication, supply and consulting subgroups to individual to take responsibility for different tasks. In addition, the members of the task force should constantly practice in preparation for handling a kidnapping case and be regularly updated and trained with professional skills. Second, the task force should be equipped with high tech facilities in normal times, and be supplied with the best equipment available when a kidnapping occurs. Third, the priority of the task force should be the safety of the hostage before starting operations and endeavor to gain the trust and help of the victim’s family. Particular attention should be paid to some of the recommendations, including keeping secret and camouflage when taking actions. In general, if the press learns of an operation in advance, then exposure of the police rescue operation by news released by the press would result in the operation failing. Thus, it is preferred that the task force carries out their operations at a separate and secret place. Fourth, the government should build a data base of kidnappings with records of various methods and types of kidnapping to be used as reference for other task forces. Fifth, the government should build international connections with other countries to prevent kidnappers from escaping abroad and further arrest the criminals who took advantage of far distance between countries and were still at large. However, despite the various types of prevention, the experts believe that the best method of prevention is to emphasize the education of children at home and school. Hence, successful education and the building of a complete crime tackling network could effectively restrain kidnapping together with other serious crimes.
4.3 Unite Departments to Tackle Kidnapping
Despite the hard work of police officers in solving kidnapping cases, the criminals will commit crimes again if the judicial system randomly allows bail for the suspects or doesn’t give an appropriate sentence. In addition, a kidnapping situation will worsen if the press just wants to hastily cover the tabloids with reports of the kidnapping without considering the safety of the hostage or provide a detailed report that may induce others to imitate the kidnapping, thereby creating a negative influence on our society. Consequently, the experts hope the public can attentively consider these problems, and the experts presented several viewpoints as follows.

Regarding kidnappings, the judges should consider the social cost the public has to bear and the long suffering and grief of the victims when sentencing the kidnappers and be cautious when making decisions to allow bail for suspects or giving parole for convicts. Furthermore, in order to recover social safety, the experts also recommended that the courts should detain and prosecute the suspect kidnappers, and provide more manpower to quickly finish prosecution and sentencing suspects to meet the expectations of the public. With regard to the conduct of mass media, the experts appeal to the press to follow some basic principles. The police together with the press should keep investigations secret. Before taking any action or reporting, the first priority of the police and the press is to consider the safety of the hostage. As for the balance between keeping investigations secret and maintaining the public’s right to know, it is preferred that the police actively communicate with the press and set up a standard operating procedure (SOP) so that the press can follow the rules and report news of kidnappings when they occur. The consulting team in the task force should take charge of this task. In brief, the press should not only play a supervisory role, likewise, the judges should not only be arbitrators, but also consider the public welfare at the same time.
4.4 Experts’ Suggestions and Bottlenecks (impasse, deadlock)
In spite of quite a few instructions, there are several real obstacles that may hinder police investigations if the criminals buy e-pay cards to replace traditional phone cards or employ satellite phones and internet phones, and the like. In addition, if the kidnappers ask the victim’s family to remit money via illegal banks or ask them to remit money to oversea banks, then these methods of paying the ransom will definitely add considerable difficulties to police investigations. Moreover, the criminals occasionally make false reports of a kidnapping to citizens, when in fact they want to cheat the victim out of money. Such situations make the police feel indecisive. Nevertheless, a portion of the experts were worried that misuse of internet phones would add the difficulties in investigating kidnappings, thus, they appealed to the government for proper supervision of internet phones and encouraged the government to review techniques on tracing messages from internet phones. In addition, the experts also suggested that manufacturers develop movement positioning systems (MPSs), that is, combine mobile phones with cell site identification and assisted global positioning systems. Applying such hi-tech mechanics would assist in quickly identifying the locations of mobile phones, and such techniques will certainly become an effective instrument in future crime investigations by the police.

Finally, apart from the kidnapping and ransoming methods mentioned in the above sections, the experts also imparted numerous useful recommendations on how hostages can maintain their sanity while kidnapped. First, in order to survive, hostages might as well cooperate with the kidnappers, that is, hostages might as well pretend to sympathize with the criminals’ situation and even show hostility toward the police. Second, hostages should have the will to survive and not casually drink unknown beverages, and only drink essential water and eat food. Hostages also need to prepare to escape at any time whenever an opportunity arises or take advantage to reveal any clues to a third party and police officers. On occasions, hostages could pretend to be sick or weak to be freed from the attention of the criminal, or feign a relationship with the kidnappers, such as chatting about coming from the same county in order to reduce their alertness. Hostages can often take advantage of opportunities to escape when the kidnappers are not paying attention. And third, it is most important for the hostage to tell the kidnappers that killing or hurting them is of no help whatsoever in obtaining the ransom. This will remind the kidnappers of their objective, which is the ransom money and greatly assist in the hostages surviving.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND EXTENSIONS
In this study, detailed interviews, including interviews with criminals, hostages, victims’ families and police officers, were undertaken to provide an understanding of how best to investigate and prevent kidnappings. Not only did we hope to understand the cause and effect of kidnappings, but also understand some of the novel methods used to commit kidnapping and corresponding methods to prevent kidnapping. After discussions and sharing of information by experts in a forum, objectives and complete concept on preventing kidnapping emerged, containing organization of the task force, reviewing of hi-tech facilities and cooperation between various institutions, and which included appeals to the government and the public to take kidnapping seriously. The study should be helpful in counteracting future increase of kidnapping incidents. Several important conclusions were derived from the interviews and the forum, and are asserted as follows.
1. The main motivation for kidnapping is to get money and valuable possessions. Therefore, we suggest that people who are rich or own a large company to have a more low-key lifestyle lest they easily become a target for criminals to commit kidnapping.
2. Conventional crime theories include social control theory, techniques of neutralization theory, culture conflict theory, labeling theory and differential association theory, which were used to classify the motivations of kidnapping derived from our interviews.
3. An organized task force is the prerequisite to effectively tackle kidnapping. The leader of the police task force responsible for a kidnapping case should organize the personnel according to the situation and investigative strategy of the case. It’s necessary to assess the professional ability and specialty of each member and assign the appropriate tasks accordingly. Most importantly is that the group members should cooperate with each other and develop teamwork, such as sharing criminal information to facilitate investigation.
4. While interacting with the victim’s family, the police should empathize with their situation and appropriately explain to them the investigation procedure. After the case is closed or finished, the police should encourage them to seek therapeutic help.
5. The following recommendations are offered to hostages to survive when they are kidnapped: (1) lower your attitude, listen attentively and concur with the criminals’ opinions; (2) maintain the will to survive; (3) prepare to cry for help and escape at all times; (4) refrain from casually eating any food offered by the kidnappers, but try to eat enough to keep alive; (5) advise the kidnappers that by keeping them alive they have a better chance of collecting the ransom money in the future; (6) act ill to obtain some sympathy; (8) refrain from arguing, screaming or crying; stay calm.
6. Police officers should regard the safety of hostages as the top priority and instruct the victim’s family how to face the kidnapping with a positive attitude. In addition, police officers need to receive regular training on how to negotiate with kidnappers, establish standard operating procedures (SOPs) in order to effect an immediately response, and communicate with the press.

Despite the above investigative strategies and precautions, several matters remain that deserve further research, for example, the government setting up a “post facto follow-up system” for the survivors and their families. Furthermore, the government should not only assist in the recuperation of victims and their families, but also concern about their needs and respond to their suggestions for future domestic safety policies. Finally, future undertaking of a cost study and a long-term survey regarding kidnapping are suggested to build an integrated system for preventing kidnapping.

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[1] 本文業獲得2009年Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences論文研討會採用,訂於2009年3月14日於Boston發表。